Fig. 1

Racial/ethnic-specific hot spot analyses of the OOPP-distributed naloxone receipt rate in NYC, 2018–2019. ^aRaces included in non-Latino Other category are Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, Pacific Islander/Native Hawaiian, two or more races, Other, and Do not Know. ^bThe z-scores and p-values measure the statistical significance of the observed geospatial clustering. For z-scores higher than 1.65 or lower than  − 1.65, there is a more pronounced geospatial clustering than one would expect if naloxone were distributed randomly across neighborhoods. The level of significance of the geospatial clustering is categorized into seven groups, with three of the groups measuring significance for hot spots, three for cold spots, and one group for no significant geospatial clustering. The levels of confidence for each of the hot spots were defined as 99% confidence if z-score > 2.58 and p < 0.01, 95% confidence if z-score 1.96–2.58 and p < 0.05, and 90% confidence if z-score 1.65–1.95 and p < 0.10. For cold spots, confidence levels were defined as 99% confidence if z-score <  − 2.58 and p < 0.01, 95% confidence if z-score -2.58 to  − 1.96 and p < 0.05, and 90% confidence if z-score − 1.95 to  − 1.65, p < 0.10