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Table 1 Characteristics of people who injected drugs enrolled in the Rural Opioid Initiative by self-report SSP use in the prior 30 days (n = 2394)

From: Houselessness and syringe service program utilization among people who inject drugs in eight rural areas across the USA: a cross-sectional analysis

Characteristic

Total

Used an SSPb

Did not use an SSPb

Unadjustedc

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

OR

(95% CI)

 

2394 (100.0)

1042 (43.5)

1352 (56.5)

  

Experienced houselessnessa

1342 (56.1)

620 (59.5)

723 (53.5)

1.26

(1.04, 1.54)

Gender

Man

1371 (57.3)

598 (57.4)

773 (57.2)

Ref.

–

Woman

1010 (42.2)

438 (42.0)

572 (42.3)

0.98

(0.81, 1.19)

Other

13 (0.5)

6 (0.6)

7 (0.5)

0.64

(0.18, 2.22)

Age (years; mean [sd])

36 (10)

35 (9)

36 (10)

0.98

(0.97, 0.99)

Race

White

2050 (85.6)

862 (82.7)

1188 (87.9)

Ref.

–

Black

63 (2.6)

19 (1.8)

44 (3.3)

0.49

(0.26, 0.92)

Native American

180 (7.5)

116 (11.1)

64 (4.7)

2.05

(1.38, 3.04)

Other

101 (4.2)

45 (4.3)

56 (4.1)

0.98

(0.61, 1.56)

Ethnicity

Hispanic

80 (4.2)

33 (3.2)

47 (3.5)

0.71

(0.42, 1.20)

Graduated high school

1882 (78.6)

839 (80.5)

1043 (77.1)

1.16

(0.92, 1.46)

Received SNAPa

1336 (55.8)

554 (53.2)

812 (60.1)

0.81

(0.66, 0.99)

Received food from food pantrya

1262 (52.7)

514 (49.3)

748 (55.3)

0.93

(0.76, 1.13)

Drug useb

Methamphetamine/crystal

1926 (80.5)

889 (85.3)

1037 (76.7)

1.22

(0.91, 1.63)

Heroin

1740 (72.7)

780 (74.9)

960 (71.0)

1.66

(1.31, 2.09)

Street fentanyl

940 (39.3)

400 (38.4)

540 (39.9)

1.68

(1.34, 2.10)

Opiate painkillers

1340 (56.0)

553 (53.1)

787 (58.2)

0.80

(0.66, 0.98)

Proximity to SSP

Walking distanced

958 (40.0)

507 (48.7)

451 (33.4)

Ref.

–

 < 30-min drive

830 (34.7)

436 (41.8)

394 (29.1)

1.01

(0.80, 1.26)

 > 30-min drive

277 (11.6)

82 (7.9)

195 (14.4)

0.42

(0.30, 0.59)

No program reasonably close

76 (3.2)

12 (1.2)

64 (4.7)

0.25

(0.13, 0.51)

Don’t know how close an SP is

253 (10.6)

5 (0.5)

248 (18.3)

0.03

(0.01, 0.08)

  1. Bold text indicates statistically significant at p < 0.05
  2. SSP Syringe service program, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation, SNAP supplemental nutrition assistance program
  3. aReference period: prior 6 months
  4. bReference period: prior 30 days
  5. cBivariate binomial logistic regression results, controlling for RDS and study site clustering
  6. dIncludes brick and mortar exchanges and mobile exchanges that come near where the participant lives
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Harm Reduction Journal

ISSN: 1477-7517