Table 2 Multivariable binomial logistic regression associations between houselessness in the prior 6 months and using an SSP in the prior 30 days among Rural Opioid Initiative PWID (n = 2394)

Experienced houselessness^a

1.24

(1.01, 1.52)

Age (years)

0.99

(0.98, 1.00)

Race

White

Ref.

–

Black

0.53

(0.27, 1.02)

Native American

1.74

(1.16, 2.62)

Other

1.02

(0.63, 1.66)

Received SNAP^a

0.85

(0.69, 1.04)

Drug Use^b

Heroin

1.51

(1.16, 1.96)

Street fentanyl

1.36

(1.06, 1.74)

Opiate painkillers

0.68

(0.55, 0.85)

Proximity to SSP

Walking distance

Ref.

–

 < 30-min drive

0.98

(0.78, 1.23)

 > 30-min drive

0.45

(0.31, 0.63)

No program reasonably close

0.25

(0.12, 0.52)

Don’t know how close an SSP is

0.03

(0.01, 0.09)