Table 1 Study variables stratified by experience of opioid overdose, frequencies of study variables, and bivariable regression findings
|  | Experience opioid overdose in last 6 months | Total (n = 1447) n (column %) | Bivariable regression p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 316) n (column %) | No (n = 1131) n (column %) |  |  | |
Experience Opioid Overdose in Last 6 Months | ||||
  Yes |  |  | 316 (21.8) | – |
  No |  |  | 1131 (78.2) | – |
Sociodemographic Variables | ||||
Health Region | ||||
  Fraser | 92 (29.1) | 325 (28.7) | 417 (28.8) | 0.30 |
  Interior | 64 (20.3) | 225 (19.9) | 289 (20.0) | 0.33 |
  Island | 58 (18.4) | 201 (17.8) | 259 (17.9) | 0.30 |
  Northern | 57 (18.0) | 184 (16.3) | 241 (16.7) | 0.18 |
  Vancouver Coastal | 45 (14.2) | 196 (17.3) | 241 (16.7) | Ref |
Age | ||||
  29 and Under | 67 (21.2) | 184 (16.3) | 251 (17.3) |  < 0.01 |
  30–39 | 94 (29.7) | 298 (26.3) | 392 (27.1) | 0.30 |
  40–49 | 78 (24.7) | 297 (26.3) | 375 (25.9) | 0.03 |
  50 and Over | 72 (22.8) | 331 (29.3) | 403 (27.9) | Ref |
  Unknown | 5 (1.6) | 21 (1.9) | 26 (1.8) | 0.86 |
Gender | ||||
  Cis woman | 91 (28.8) | 412 (36.4) | 503 (34.8) | Ref |
  Cis man | 221 (69.9) | 681 (60.2) | 902 (62.3) | 0.01 |
  Transgender and gender expansive | 2 (0.6) | 25 (2.2) | 27 (1.9) | 0.17 |
  Unknown | 2 (0.6) | 13 (1.1) | 15 (1.0) | 0.64 |
Stable Housing | ||||
  Yes | 158 (50.0) | 751 (66.4) | 909 (62.8) | Ref |
  No | 153 (48.4) | 361 (31.9) | 514 (35.5) |  < 0.01 |
   Unknown | 5 (1.6) | 19 (1.7) | 24 (1.7) | 0.66 |
Employment | ||||
  Employed | 53 (16.8) | 245 (21.7) | 298 (20.6) | Ref |
  Unemployed | 248 (78.5) | 841 (74.4) | 1089 (75.3) | 0.07 |
  Unknown | 15 (4.7) | 45 (4.0) | 60 (4.1) | 0.69 |
Year | ||||
 2018 | 86 (27.2) | 320 (28.3) | 406 (28.1) | 0.25 |
 2019 | 102 (32.3) | 458 (40.5) | 560 (38.7) | Ref |
 2021 | 128 (40.5) | 353 (31.2) | 481 (33.2) |  < 0.01 |
Last 3 Day Drug Use Reported | ||||
Opioids | ||||
Methadone | ||||
  Yes | 91 (28.8) | 292 (25.8) | 383 (26.5) | Ref |
  No | 225 (71.2) | 839 (74.2) | 1064 (73.5) | 0.289 |
Morphine | ||||
  Yes | 68 (21.5) | 129 (11.4) | 197 (13.6) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 248 (78.5) | 1002 (88.6) | 1250 (86.4) | Ref |
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) | ||||
  Yes | 61 (19.3) | 101 (8.9) | 162 (11.2) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 255 (80.7) | 1030 (91.1) | 1285 (88.8) | Ref |
Oxycodone | ||||
  Yes | 17 (5.4) | 35 (3.1) | 52 (3.6) | 0.06 |
  No | 299 (94.6) | 1096 (96.9) | 1395 (96.4) | Ref |
Fentanyl | ||||
  Yes | 204 (64.6) | 478 (42.3) | 682 (47.1) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 112 (35.4) | 653 (57.7) | 765 (52.9) | Ref |
Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) | ||||
  Yes | 192 (60.8) | 445 (39.3) | 637 (44.0) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 124 (39.2) | 686 (60.7) | 810 (56.0) | Ref |
Stimulants | ||||
Cocaine powder | ||||
  Yes | 65 (20.6) | 191 (16.9) | 256 (17.7) | 0.13 |
  No | 251 (79.4) | 940 (83.1) | 1191 (82.3) | Ref |
Crack cocaine | ||||
  Yes | 89 (28.2) | 251 (22.2) | 340 (23.5) | 0.03 |
  No | 227 (71.8) | 880 (77.8) | 1107 (76.5) | Ref |
Crystal Methamphetamine | ||||
  Yes | 245 (77.5) | 763 (67.5) | 1008 (69.7) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 71 (22.5) | 368 (32.5) | 439 (30.3) | Ref |
Other Stimulants (e.g. Ritalin/Adderall) | ||||
  Yes | 32 (10.1) | 64 (5.7) | 96 (6.6) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 284 (89.9) | 1067 (94.3) | 1351 (93.4) | Ref |
Benzodiazepines | ||||
Alprazolam (Xanax) | ||||
  Yes | 19 (6.0) | 30 (2.7) | 49 (3.4) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 297 (94.0) | 1101 (97.3) | 1398 (96.6) | Ref |
Other Benzodiazepine (e.g. Ativan/Valium) | ||||
  Yes | 67 (21.2) | 135 (11.9) | 202 (14.0) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 249 (78.8) | 996 (88.1) | 1245 (86.0) | Ref |
Cannabis, Tobacco, Alcohol | ||||
Cannabis or Hash | ||||
  Yes | 162 (51.3) | 560 (49.5) | 722 (49.9) | 0.58 |
  No | 154 (48.7) | 571 (50.5) | 725 (50.1) | Ref |
Tobacco | ||||
  Yes | 253 (80.1) | 881 (77.9) | 1134 (78.4) | 0.41 |
  No | 63 (19.9) | 250 (22.1) | 313 (21.6) | Ref |
Alcohol | ||||
  Yes | 117 (37.0) | 434 (38.4) | 551 (38.1) | 0.66 |
  No | 199 (63.0) | 697 (61.6) | 896 (61.9) | Ref |
Last 3 Day Use of Drugs by Category | ||||
Any Opioid | ||||
  Yes | 266 (84.2) | 684 (60.5) | 950 (65.7) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 50 (15.8) | 447 (39.5) | 497 (34.3) | Ref |
Any Stimulant | ||||
  Yes | 267 (84.5) | 887 (78.4) | 1154 (79.8) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 49 (15.5) | 244 (21.6) | 293 (20.2) | Ref |
Any Benzodiazepine | ||||
  Yes | 75 (23.7) | 147 (13.0) | 222 (15.3) | 0.02 |
  No | 241 (76.3) | 984 (87.0) | 1225 (84.7) | Ref |
Any Polysubstance Use | ||||
  Yes | 244 (77.2) | 603 (53.3) | 847 (58.5) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 72 (22.8) | 528 (46.7) | 600 (41.5) | Ref |
Mode of Consumption for Any Drugs over Last 3 Days | ||||
Smoke Any Drug | ||||
  Yes | 221 (69.9) | 691 (61.1) | 912 (63.0) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 95 (30.1) | 440 (38.9) | 535 (37.0) | Ref |
Snort Any Drug | ||||
  Yes | 123 (38.9) | 420 (37.1) | 543 (37.5) | 0.56 |
  No | 193 (61.1) | 711 (62.9) | 904 (62.5) | Ref |
Inject Any Drug | ||||
  Yes | 173 (54.7) | 466 (41.2) | 639 (44.2) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 143 (45.3) | 665 (58.8) | 808 (55.8) | Ref |
Swallow Any Drug | ||||
  Yes | 147 (46.5) | 360 (31.8) | 507 (35.0) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 169 (53.5) | 771 (68.2) | 940 (65.0) | Ref |
Consume Any Drug by Another Mode of Consumption | ||||
  Yes | 36 (11.4) | 141 (12.5) | 177 (12.2) | 0.61 |
  No | 280 (88.6) | 990 (87.5) | 1270 (87.8) | Ref |
Mode of Consumption for Opioids over Last 3 Days | ||||
Smoke Any Opioid | ||||
  Yes | 174 (55.1) | 421 (37.2) | 595 (41.1) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 142 (44.9) | 710 (62.8) | 852 (58.9) | Ref |
Snort Any Opioid | ||||
  Yes | 78 (24.7) | 224 (19.8) | 302 (20.9) | 0.06 |
  No | 238 (75.3) | 907 (80.2) | 1145 (79.1) | Ref |
Inject Any Opioid | ||||
  Yes | 138 (43.7) | 300 (26.5) | 438 (30.3) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 178 (56.3) | 831 (73.5) | 1009 (69.7) | Ref |
Swallow Any Opioid | ||||
  Yes | 128 (40.5) | 298 (26.3) | 426 (29.4) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 188 (59.5) | 833 (73.7) | 1021 (70.6) | Ref |
Consume Any Opioid by Another Mode of Consumption | ||||
  Yes | 24 (7.6) | 102 (9.0) | 126 (8.7) | 0.43 |
  No | 292 (92.4) | 1029 (91.0) | 1321 (91.3) | Ref |
Naloxone Possession | ||||
  Yes | 227 (71.8) | 800 (70.7) | 1027 (71.0) | 0.66 |
  No, I do not have a kit but I want one | 48 (15.2) | 169 (14.9) | 217 (15.0) | 0.72 |
  No, I do not have a kit and I do not want one | 31 (9.8) | 120 (10.6) | 151 (10.4) | Ref |
  Unknown | 10 (3.2) | 42 (3.7) | 52 (3.6) | 0.84 |
Overdose | ||||
Experience Stimulant Overdose in Last 6 Months | ||||
  Yes | 98 (31.0) | 72 (6.4) | 170 (11.7) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 199 (63.0) | 1010 (89.3) | 1209 (83.6) | Ref |
  Don’t know | 12 (3.8) | 19 (1.7) | 31 (2.1) |  < 0.01 |
  Unknown | 7 (2.2) | 30 (2.7) | 37 (2.6) | 0.69 |
Witness an Opioid Overdose in Last 6 Months | ||||
  Yes | 232 (73.4) | 630 (55.7) | 862 (59.6) |  < 0.01 |
  No | 64 (20.3) | 425 (37.6) | 489 (33.8) | Ref |
  Don’t know | 4 (1.3) | 18 (1.6) | 22 (1.5) | 0.49 |
  Unknown | 16 (5.1) | 58 (5.1) | 74 (5.1) | 0.05 |