Table 1 Sociodemographics of survey respondents stratified by route of prior drug use
|  | No injection drug use (n = 561) | Ever injected drugs (n = 728) | Total (N = 1289) | sig. (χ2) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||||
Female | 202 | 36.9% | 264 | 36.8% | 466 | 36.8% | 0.953 |
White | 299 | 56.7% | 529 | 75.8% | 828 | 67.6% |  < .001 |
Black | 137 | 26.0% | 62 | 8.9% | 199 | 16.2% |  < .001 |
Latinx | 49 | 9.3% | 57 | 8.2% | 106 | 8.7% | 0.485 |
Other race | 39 | 7.0% | 29 | 4.0% | 68 | 5.3% | 0.018 |
Sexual minority (i.e., non-heterosexual) | 59 | 10.8% | 129 | 17.9% | 188 | 14.8% |  < .001 |
Transgender or gender non-binary | 7 | 1.3% | 16 | 2.3% | 23 | 1.9% | 0.211 |
Age at survey completion | |||||||
18–24 | 57 | 10.2% | 48 | 6.6% | 105 | 8.1% | 0.020 |
25–34 | 200 | 35.7% | 318 | 43.7% | 518 | 40.2% | 0.004 |
35–44 | 175 | 31.2% | 238 | 32.7% | 413 | 32.0% | 0.568 |
45+ | 129 | 23.0% | 124 | 17.0% | 253 | 19.6% | 0.008 |
Past month housing status | |||||||
Temporarily with friend/family member | 115 | 29.1% | 195 | 35.2% | 310 | 32.7% | 0.049 |
Safe Haven/shelter | 33 | 8.4% | 68 | 12.3% | 101 | 10.6% | 0.054 |
Rent/own | 197 | 49.9% | 114 | 20.6% | 311 | 32.8% |  < .001 |
Street dwelling | 18 | 4.6% | 93 | 16.8% | 111 | 11.7% |  < .001 |
Other | 78 | 13.9% | 205 | 28.2% | 283 | 22.0% |  < .001 |
Urbanicity | |||||||
Urban | 323 | 59.2% | 353 | 50.1% | 676 | 54.0% | 0.001 |
Suburban | 112 | 20.5% | 145 | 20.6% | 257 | 20.5% | 0.981 |
Rural | 116 | 21.2% | 210 | 29.8% | 326 | 26.1% |  < .001 |
Primary source of income | |||||||
Employed/retired | 275 | 50.4% | 256 | 35.7% | 531 | 42.0% |  < .001 |
Public assistance | 86 | 15.8% | 101 | 14.1% | 187 | 14.8% | 0.409 |
Friend/family | 93 | 17.0% | 184 | 25.7% | 277 | 21.9% |  < .001 |
Other | 119 | 21.8% | 212 | 29.6% | 331 | 26.2% | 0.002 |
Healthcare coverage | |||||||
None | 140 | 25.9% | 258 | 36.3% | 398 | 31.8% |  < .001 |
Covered under another individual | 30 | 5.5% | 16 | 2.3% | 46 | 3.7% | 0.002 |
Medicare/Medicaid | 252 | 46.6% | 365 | 51.4% | 617 | 49.3% | 0.091 |
Private | 82 | 15.2% | 27 | 3.8% | 109 | 8.7% |  < .001 |
VA/military healthcare | 7 | 1.3% | 5 | 0.7% | 12 | 1.0% | 0.289 |
Educational attainment | |||||||
Less than high school | 84 | 15.0% | 143 | 19.6% | 227 | 17.6% | 0.031 |
High school/GED | 248 | 44.4% | 379 | 52.1% | 627 | 48.7% | 0.006 |
Some college | 175 | 31.3% | 167 | 22.9% | 342 | 26.6% |  < .001 |
Any post-secondary accreditation | 81 | 14.5% | 78 | 10.7% | 159 | 12.4% | 0.041 |
Comorbid conditions | |||||||
Lifetime history of psychiatric diagnosis/treatment | 177 | 32.8% | 395 | 56.4% | 572 | 46.1% |  < .001 |
Chronic pain (i.e., pain lasting 3Â months or longer) | 241 | 43.0% | 362 | 49.7% | 603 | 46.8% | 0.644 |
Lifetime history of suicide attempt | 111 | 20.6% | 261 | 36.6% | 372 | 29.7% |  < .001 |
Lifetime history of an opioid overdose | 151 | 26.9% | 461 | 63.3% | 612 | 47.5% |  < .001 |
Past month non-opioid use* | |||||||
Nicotine/tobacco | 448 | 92.8% | 643 | 94.4% | 1091 | 93.7% | 0.248 |
Marijuana | 233 | 41.5% | 363 | 49.9% | 596 | 46.2% | 0.003 |
Alcohol (> 4 times in one day) | 146 | 30.2% | 197 | 28.9% | 343 | 29.5% | 0.632 |
Crystal meth | 85 | 17.6% | 335 | 49.2% | 420 | 36.1% |  < .001 |
Anxiolytics | 96 | 17.1% | 180 | 24.7% | 276 | 21.4% |  < .001 |
Crack/cocaine | 92 | 19.0% | 194 | 28.5% | 286 | 24.6% |  < .001 |
Muscle relaxants | 74 | 13.2% | 109 | 15.0% | 183 | 14.2% | 0.363 |
Antidepressants | 53 | 9.4% | 71 | 9.8% | 124 | 9.6% | 0.854 |
Prescription stimulants | 42 | 7.5% | 81 | 11.1% | 123 | 9.5% | 0.027 |
Prescription sleep medications | 48 | 8.6% | 78 | 10.7% | 126 | 9.8% | 0.196 |
Hallucinogens | 34 | 7.0% | 51 | 7.5% | 85 | 7.3% | 0.771 |
MDMA | 25 | 5.2% | 57 | 8.4% | 82 | 7.0% | 0.036 |
Sexually transmitted infections | |||||||
Any STI (including HIV/HCV) | 130 | 23.2% | 355 | 48.8% | 485 | 37.6% |  < .001 |
Chlamydia | 79 | 14.10% | 161 | 22.1% | 240 | 18.6% |  < .001 |
Gonorrhea | 41 | 7.30% | 112 | 15.4% | 153 | 11.9% |  < .001 |
Syphilis | 19 | 3.4% | 30 | 4.1% | 49 | 3.8% | 0.494 |
HPV | 9 | 1.6% | 32 | 4.4% | 41 | 3.2% | 0.005 |
Herpes | 11 | 2.0% | 40 | 5.5% | 51 | 4.0% | 0.001 |
Lifetime history of trading sex for drugs | 83 | 15.1% | 267 | 37.3% | 350 | 27.6% |  < .001 |
HCV status | |||||||
HCV positive | 9 | 2.0% | 176 | 26.1% | 185 | 16.3% |  < .001 |
HCV negative tested within the past three months | 138 | 30.2% | 188 | 27.9% | 326 | 28.8% | 0.393 |
HCV negative tested over three months ago | 149 | 32.6% | 175 | 25.9% | 324 | 28.6% | 0.015 |
Never tested for HCV | 161 | 35.2% | 136 | 20.1% | 297 | 26.2% |  < .001 |
HIV status | |||||||
HIV positive | 7 | 1.5% | 18 | 2.7% | 25 | 2.2% | 0.173 |
HIV negative tested within the past 3 months | 150 | 31.6% | 279 | 41.3% | 429 | 37.3% |  < .001 |
HIV negative tested over 3 months ago | 170 | 35.8% | 279 | 41.3% | 449 | 39.0% | 0.060 |
Never tested for HIV | 148 | 31.2% | 100 | 14.8% | 248 | 21.5% |  < .001 |