Table 1 Prevalence of tobacco use among Nepalese men by socio-demographic characteristics, Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011 (N = 4121)
Factor | Number (%) | Smoking n (%; 95% CI) | Chewing n (%; 95% CI) | Any tobacco n (%; 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic factors | ||||
Age of the respondents | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
15-24 | 1702(41.3) | 354(23.0;20.5-25.8) | 212(14.0;11.5-16.9) | 459(29.7;26.7-33.0) |
25-35 | 1178(28.6) | 450(37.2;33.5-41.1) | 544(48.0;44.2-51.8) | 746(63.8;60.4-67.1) |
36-49 | 1241(30.1) | 565(44.1;40.2-48.0) | 581(49.8;46.2-53.5) | 868(70.0;66.5-73.2) |
Marital status | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
Married/Defacto | 2628(63.8) | 1083(40.5;37.6-43.5) | 1165(47.3;44.5-50.1) | 1707(65.7;63.3-68.1) |
Single/Separated/Divorced | 1493(36.2) | 286(21.5;19.0-24.2) | 172(13.0;10.7-15.6) | 366(27.7;24.8-30.9) |
Sociocultural factors | ||||
Education | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
No education | 498(12.1) | 292(57.9;52.5-63.1) | 275(57.8;50.5-64.7) | 398(80.1;75.7-83.8) |
Primary | 815(19.8) | 381(42.8;38.3-47.5) | 395(50.0;45.8-54.1) | 584(69.5;65.5-73.1) |
Secondary | 2139(51.9) | 548(27.4;24.5-30.5) | 545(27.7;25.1-30.5) | 858(42.8;39.7-45.9) |
Higher | 669(16.2) | 148(20.5;17.0-24.6) | 122(18.4;14.7-22.8) | 233(34.8;30.2-39.7) |
Occupation | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
Agriculture | 1303(31.6) | 435(33.8;30.4-37.5) | 447(40.0;35.6-44.6) | 673(55.2;51.3-59.1) |
Professional/clerical/service | 1327(32.2) | 426(31.9;28.6-35.4) | 419(31.6;28.8-34.5) | 668(50.2;46.8-53.6) |
Manual (skilled/unskilled) | 951(23.1) | 444(46.6;41.7-51.6) | 441(48.6;43.9-53.4) | 651(69.4;65.3-73.2) |
Not working/not specified | 540(13.1) | 64(13.4;9.0-19.5) | 30(5.6;3.8-8.2) | 81(16.9;12.4-22.7) |
Ethnicity | P = 0.001 | P < 0.004 | P < 0.001 | |
Advantaged | 2156(52.3) | 653(30.4;27.5-33.5) | 623(31.9;28.7-35.2) | 997(48.4;45.0-51.7) |
Disadvantaged (Janjati) | 1475(35.8) | 494(34.4;30.7-38.2) | 507(35.7;32.1-39.5) | 761(52.5;49.0-56.0) |
Disadvantaged (Dalit) | 490(11.9) | 222(43.2;37.5-49.1) | 207(43.3;37.1-49.6) | 315(63.7;58.1-69.0) |
Religion | P = 0.152 | P = 0.132 | P = 0.244 | |
Hindu | 3486(84.6) | 1174(34.2;31.7-36.7) | 1142(35.5;32.9-38.2) | 1758(52.4;49.9-54.9) |
Others | 635(15.4) | 195(30.4;25.8-35.4) | 195(31.0;26.0-36.5) | 315(49.3;44.4-54.2) |
Wealth quintile | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
Poorest | 711(17.3) | 316(42.6;37.0-48.3) | 282(42.9;36.8-49.2) | 447(64.7;59.3-69.8) |
Poor | 688(16.7) | 253(37.4;33.2-41.8) | 251(40.5;35.5-45.7) | 369(56.0;51.5-60.4) |
Middle | 727(17.6) | 273(37.8;32.5-43.5) | 284(44.3;38.3-50.5) | 414(59.3;53.9-64.4) |
Richer | 861(20.9) | 244(29.1;24.5-34.1) | 254(29.9;26.1-34.0) | 389(45.9;40.9-51.0) |
Richest | 1134(27.5) | 283(26.5;23.3-30.0) | 266(23.4;19.6-27.8) | 454(41.5;37.0-46.2) |
Spatial factors | ||||
Place of residence | P = 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = <0.001 | |
Urban | 1351(32.8) | 386(27.7;24.8-30.8) | 381(26.9;23.4-30.7) | 612(44.3;40.8-47.9) |
Rural | 2770(67.2) | 983(34.8;32.1-37.1) | 956(36.5;33.7-39.4) | 1461(53.6;50.8-56.2) |
Development region | P = 0.012 | P = 0.962 | P = 0.595 | |
Eastern | 978(23.7) | 306(32.5;28.1-37.3) | 313(34.6;30.3-39.2) | 483(51.7;46.4-56.9) |
Central | 1002(24.3) | 342(35.9;31.3-40.8) | 315(34.5;29.7-39.6) | 514(53.6;49.4-57.8) |
Western | 706(17.1) | 188(26.5;22.6-30.7) | 240(36.5;31.9-41.3) | 335(49.2;44.5-53.9) |
Mid -Western | 781(19.0) | 302(38.9;33.1-45.1) | 270(34.4;29.3-40.0) | 424(53.7;48.6-58.7) |
Far-Western | 654(15.9) | 231(35.6;30.0-41.8) | 199(33.8;26.9-41.4) | 317(49.8;43.5-56.1) |
Ecological region | P = 0.007 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.011 | |
Mountain | 618(15.0) | 244(42.1;36.7-47.7) | 161(24.4;22.5-30.6) | 317(53.4;48.3-58.4) |
Hill | 1582(38.4) | 473(30.3;27.5-33.2) | 482(29.9;26.7-33.2) | 763(48.3;45.4-51.2) |
Terai | 1921(46.6) | 652(35.1;31.4-39.0) | 694(39.4;35.8-43.2) | 993(54.5;50.8-58.2) |
Access to information | ||||
Reading newspaper or magazine | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
Not at all | 1415(34.3) | 617(42.7;38.7-46.80 | 621(47.5;43.5-51.5) | 916(66.4;63.4-69.3) |
Less than once a week | 1304(31.6) | 401(31.5;28.2-35.0) | 399(36.6;30.4-37.0) | 610(49.1;45.8-52.4) |
At least once a week | 1402(34.0) | 351(25.7;22.5-29.3) | 317(22.5;19.7-25.4) | 547(39.1;35.4-42.8) |
Frequency of watching television | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
Not at all | 759(18.4) | 344(44.0;39.5-48.7) | 335(47.2;42.4-51.9) | 505(66.7;63.9-71.2) |
Less than once a week | 1193(28.9) | 429(37.2;32.9-41.7) | 424(41.1;37.2-45.1) | 641(58.2;54.3-62.1) |
At least once a week | 2169(52.6) | 596(28.5;26.0-31.2) | 578(27.8;25.0-30.8) | 927(43.9;40.9-46.9) |
Frequency of listening radio | P = 0.003 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
Not at all | 511(12.4) | 204(39.4;33.9-45.1) | 203(40.1;35.3-45.0) | 310(61.2;56.1-66.1) |
Less than once a week | 1153(28.0) | 409(36.9;32.4-41.7) | 419(41.1;36.8-45.5) | 638(58.9;54.6-63.0) |
At least once a week | 2457(59.6) | 756(30.7;28.1-33.3) | 715(30.6;28.1-33.2) | 1125(46.5;43.7-49.3) |