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Table 2 Decisional Balance and Cognitive Dissonance in the four groups of smokers

From: Aiming at Tobacco Harm Reduction: A survey comparing smokers differing in readiness to quit

Decisional Balance

n

Mean

Std. Deviation

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Groups of smokers*

   

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

A

94

-.13

1.34

-.40

.15

B

65

.10

1.29

-.22

.42

C

90

.07

1.28

-.19

.34

D

152

.40

1.25

.20

.60

Total

401

16

1.30

.029

.28

Cognitive Dissonance**

n

Mean

Std. Deviation

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Groups of smokers*

   

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

A

67

4.11

1.04

3.86

4.37

B

56

3.61

1.06

3.32

3.89

C

70

4.04

1.02

3.79

4.28

D

122

3.86

.97

3.69

4.04

Total

315

3.91

1.02

3.80

4.02

  1. *Groups differing in terms of capability and intention to quit smoking
  2. Group A: perceived capability (Y) and intention (Y)
  3. Group B: perceived capability (N) and intention (Y)
  4. Group C: perceived capability (Y) and intention (N)
  5. Group D: perceived capability (N) and intention (N).
  6. ** refers to the 315 smokers with negative attitude towards smoking. Scores reflect the degree to which excuses were not employed to reduce CD