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Table 2 Factors associated with HIV infection among injection drug users in three highly endemic regions of China

From: Predictors of HIV infection and prevalence for syphilis infection among injection drug users in China: Community-based surveys along major drug trafficking routes

Factors

N*

% (HIV+)†

OR (95% CI)

P

Knowledge of three major transmission routes for HIV

    

   Yes

548

53.8 (295)

1.0

0.006

   No

129

40.3 (52)

0.6 (0.4–0.9)

 

Received voluntary counseling and testing

    

   No

628

51.3 (322)

1.0

0.03

   Yes

34

70.6 (24)

2.5 (1.2–5.0)

 

Drug use behaviors

    

Duration of drug use (injection plus non-injection)

    

   <5 years

114

37.7 (43)

1.0

0.002

   ≥ 5 years

432

53.9 (233)

1.9 (1.3–3.0)

 

Duration of injection drug use

    

   <5 years

186

34.9 (65)

1.0

0.001

   ≥ 5 years

381

56.7 (216)

2.4 (1.7–3.5)

 

Frequency of drug injection in the last week

    

   <2 times

470

53.8 (253)

1.0

0.6

   ≥ 2 times

176

51.7 (91)

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

 

Ever shared needle and/or syringe during injection

    

   No

328

49.4 (162)

1.0

0.2

   Yes

341

54.8 (187)

1.2 (0.9–1.7)

 

Ever shared needle and/or syringe in the last injection

    

   No

586

51.2 (300)

1.0

0.1

   Yes

78

60.3 (47)

1.4 (0.9–2.3)

 

No. of people shared needle and/or syringe in the last injection

    

   = 1

19

47.4(19)

1.0

0.3

   >1

56

62.5(35)

1.8(0.6–5.3)

 

Frequency of shared injection needle and/or syringe in the last 6 months

    

   Never

516

52.3(516)

1.0

0.4

   Sometimes

137

51.8(137)

1.0(0.7–1.4)

0.9

   Always

6

83.3(5)

4.6(0.5–39.3)

0.2

Always carried a needle and syringe with you when you were out

    

   Yes

171

53.8(92)

1.0

0.4

   No

409

57.5(235)

1.2(0.8–1.7)

 

How many times a needle and syringe was used before trashing it

    

   1 times

252

59.1(149)

1.0

 

   2 times

194

56.7(110)

0.9(0.6–1.3)

0.7

   >2 times

105

48.6(51)

0.7(0.4–1.0)

0.08

Sexual behavior

    

Living with regular sex partners in the last year

    

   Yes

282

51.8 (146)

1.0

0.8

   No

380

52.9 (201)

1.0(0.8–1.4)

 

Ever had sex with regular sex partners in the last year

    

   Yes

257

51.8(133)

1.0

0.8

   No

23

52.2(12)

1.0 (0.4–2.4)

 

Condom use with regular partner in the last sex act

    

   Yes

76

52.6(40)

1.0

0.8

   No

186

51.1(95)

0.9(0.6–1.6)

 

Frequency of condom use with regular sex partner in the last year

    

   Always

81

45.7 (37)

1.0

0.4

   Sometimes

146

54.8 (80)

1.4(0.8–2.5)

0.2

   Never

32

53.1 (17)

1.3(0.6–3.1)

0.5

Regular sex partners ever used drugs

    

   No

199

49.7 (99)

1.0

0.6

   Yes

95

52.6 (50)

1.1 (0.7–1.8)

 

Regular sex partner knew you used drugs

    

   No

81

48.1(39)

1.0

0.6

   Yes

214

51.4(110)

1.1(0.7–1.9)

 

Ever shared needle and/or syringe with a regular sex partner

    

   No

47

53.2(25)

1.0

0.9

   Yes

46

54.3(25)

1.0(0.5–2.4)

 

Ever had sex with non-regular partners in the last year

    

   No

528

53.4 (282)

1.0

0.3

   Yes

132

48.5 (64)

0.8 (0.6–1.2)

 

No. of non-regular sex partners in the last year

    

   1

45

51.1(23)

1.0

0.5

   >1

56

44.6(25)

0.8(0.4–1.7)

 

Condom use with non-regular sex partner in the last sex act

    

   Yes

42

54.8(23)

1.0

0.3

   No

92

45.7(42)

0.7(0.3–1.4)

 

Frequency of condom use with non-regular sex partners in the last year

    

   Always

73

39.7 (29)

1.0

0.1

   Sometimes

36

58.3 (21)

2.1(0.9–4.8)

0.1

   Never

24

58.3 (14)

2.1(0.8–5.4)

0.2

Ever paid or provided drugs for sex in the last year

    

   No

507

56.2(507)

 

0.2

   Yes

41

43.9(41)

0.6(0.3–1.2)

 

No. of sex partners ever paid or provided drugs for sex in the last year

    

   1

10

50.0(5)

1.0

0.8

   >1

24

45.8(11)

0.8(0.2–3.7)

 

Condom use during paid or provided drugs for sex in the last sex act

    

   Yes

13

53.8(7)

1

0.3

   No

28

39.3(11)

0.4(0.1–1.8)

 

Frequency of condom use during paid or provided drugs for sex in the last year

    

   Always

5

60.0(3)

1

0.2

   Sometimes

12

66.7(8)

0.4(0.2–11.5)

1

   Never

23

30.4(7)

0.1(0.04–2.1)

0.3

Ever provided sex for money or drugs in the last year

    

   No

83

32.4(27)

 

0.7

   Yes

34

38.7(13)

1.2(0.6–2.9)

 

No. of sex partners for money or drugs in the last year

    

   1

0

0

-

 

   >1

19

36.8(8)

-

 

Condom use during sex for money or drugs in the sex act

    

   Yes

13

30.8(4)

 

0.7

   No

16

43.8(7)

1.8(0.4–8.1)

 

Frequency of condom use during sex for money or drugs in the last year

    

   Always

0

0

-

 

   Sometimes

5

60.0(3)

-

 

   Never

7

14.3(1)

-

 

Syphilis sero-status

    

   Negative

614

50.0(307)

1.0

0.9

   Positive

33

48.5(16)

0.9(0.5–1.9)

 
  1. *: Total N may not equal 689, because of missing data; N: the number of participants being tested for HIV; †: %: the prevalence of HIV infection; HIV+: the number of HIV positive.