Table 2 Univariate analysis of categorical factors associated with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among injection drug users in Vinnitsya, Ukraine (Unadjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval).
Factors | No. of participants | No. of HIV positives (row %) | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% C.I.) | No. of HCV positives (row %) | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% C.I.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||
Female | 57 | 8 (14.1) | 1.0 | 41 (71.9) | 1.0 |
Male | 258 | 36 (14.0) | 0.99 (0.5, 2.4) | 189 (73.3) | 1.01 (0.6, 2.0) |
Age | |||||
≤ 25 years | 120 | 14 (11.7) | 1.0 | 79 (65.8) | 1.0 |
>25 years | 195 | 30 (15.4) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.8) | 151 (77.4) | 1.8 (1.1, 3.0) ** |
Education § | |||||
High school or less | 191 | 27 (14.1) | 1.0 | 141 (73.8) | 1.0 |
Some college or above | 119 | 16 (13.5) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) | 85 (71.4) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) |
Currently unemployed | |||||
No | 99 | 16 (16.2) | 1.0 | 72 (72.3) | 1.0 |
Yes | 216 | 28 (13.0) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 158 (73.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) |
Number of sexual partners in the past year | |||||
≤1 | 154 | 23 (14.9) | 1.0 | 114 (74.0) | 1.0 |
>1 | 161 | 21 (13.0) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 116 (72.1) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) |
Exchanging sex for drugs or drugs for sex in the past year § | |||||
No | 278 | 40 (14.4) | 1.0 | 207 (74.5) | 1.0 |
Yes | 33 | 3 (9.1) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.8) | 19 (57.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) ** |
No use or inconsistent use of condoms | |||||
No | 145 | 22 (15.2) | 1.0 | 106 (73.1) | 1.0 |
Yes | 165 | 21 (12.7) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 120 (72.7) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) |
Years of using opiate drugs | |||||
≤ 8 years | 185 | 27 (14.6) | 1.0 | 124 (67.0) | 1.0 |
>8 years | 130 | 17 (13.1) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 106 (81.5) | 2.2 (1.3, 3.8) *** |
Using opiate drugs daily or almost daily in the past year | |||||
No | 137 | 12 (8.8) | 1.0 | 90 (65.7) | 1.0 |
Yes | 171 | 32 (18.7) | 2.4 (1.2, 4.9)* | 137 (80.1) | 2.1 (1.3, 3.5) *** |
Using multiple drugs in the past year | |||||
No | 80 | 11 (13.8) | 1.0 | 58 (72.5) | 1.0 |
Yes | 235 | 33 (14.0) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.2) | 172 (73.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) |
Sharing needles or injection equipment in the past year § | |||||
No | 116 | 11 (9.5) | 1.0 | 80 (69.0) | 1.0 |
Yes | 197 | 32 (16.2) | 1.9 (0.9, 4.0) * | 148 (75.1) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.3) |
Sharing needles with an HIV-positive person in the past year § | |||||
No | 286 | 37 (12.9) | 1.0 | 210 (73.4) | 1.0 |
Yes | 25 | 7 (28.0) | 2.6(1.0, 6.5) ** | 17 (68.0) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) |
Frequency of back- or front-loading in the past year § | |||||
Less than 1 time per month | 236 | 33 (14.0) | 1.0 | 162 (68.6) | 1.0 |
One or more times per month | 74 | 10 (13.5) | 0.96 (0.5, 2.1) | 63 (85.1) | 2.6 (1.3, 5.3) ** |
Ever received drug addiction treatment? § | |||||
No | 171 | 19 (11.1) | 1.0 | 110 (64.3) | 1.0 |
Yes | 139 | 24 (17.8) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.2) | 116 (83.5) | 2.8 (1.6, 4.8) *** |