Table 1 Inclusion Criteria

1. Study design

• Must explore women's, children's, or clinicians' experiences (outcomes or processes) in an integrated treatment program for substance-using pregnant women or mothers using a qualitative research design that meets the criteria as defined by Creswell [26]

2. Treatment program participants (must meet all criteria)

• Women who are pregnant or parenting

• Participants had a substance use problem (drug or alcohol) confirmed at baseline enrolment into treatment program by either admission to a substance use treatment program or report of a formal diagnosis

3. Treatment program characteristics (must meet all criteria)

• Must include at least one substance-use treatment service addressing substance use specifically; can be a group or individual treatment service

• Must include at least one treatment service related to children 0-16 years, including children not yet born such as:

   Prenatal care for the mother

   Childcare or babysitting offered

   Therapeutic childcare

   Child resides with mother in residential treatment program

   Child developmental assessments conducted

   Primary/physical infant health care provided

   Child mental health services or therapy

   Parenting support or education group

   Individual parenting support

• Treatment program must not include treatment of males

• Treatment program must not include women who are not pregnant or parenting

• Treatment program must not be exclusively a smoking cessation program

4. Reported findings

• Qualitative findings addressing processes or outcomes related to any of the following areas:

   Maternal health and well-being

   Child health and well-being

   Parenting