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1. Study design
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• Must explore women's, children's, or clinicians' experiences (outcomes or processes) in an integrated treatment program for substance-using pregnant women or mothers using a qualitative research design that meets the criteria as defined by Creswell [26]
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2. Treatment program participants (must meet all criteria)
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• Women who are pregnant or parenting
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• Participants had a substance use problem (drug or alcohol) confirmed at baseline enrolment into treatment program by either admission to a substance use treatment program or report of a formal diagnosis
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3. Treatment program characteristics (must meet all criteria)
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• Must include at least one substance-use treatment service addressing substance use specifically; can be a group or individual treatment service
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• Must include at least one treatment service related to children 0-16 years, including children not yet born such as:
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Prenatal care for the mother
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Childcare or babysitting offered
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Therapeutic childcare
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Child resides with mother in residential treatment program
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Child developmental assessments conducted
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Primary/physical infant health care provided
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Child mental health services or therapy
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Parenting support or education group
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Individual parenting support
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• Treatment program must not include treatment of males
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• Treatment program must not include women who are not pregnant or parenting
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• Treatment program must not be exclusively a smoking cessation program
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4. Reported findings
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• Qualitative findings addressing processes or outcomes related to any of the following areas:
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Maternal health and well-being
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Child health and well-being
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Parenting
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