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Table 4 Predictors of beliefs about tobacco alternatives (GEE analyses; data weighted)

From: Trends in beliefs about the harmfulness and use of stop-smoking medications and smokeless tobacco products among cigarettes smokers: Findings from the ITC four-country survey

 

NRT is a lot less harmful than smoking cigarettes

SLT is less harmful than smoked tobacco*

SSM is not harmful to health

Nicotine does not cause most of the cancer

Number of observations

33, 534

27,149

50,004

50,147

 

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Survey wave (continuous)

1.06

1.04 - 1.08

1.05

1.03 - 1.07

1.04

1.02 - 1.05

1.00

0.99 - 1.01

Country

        

   UK

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Canada

0.55

0.50 - 0.60

0.41

0.37 - 0.46

0.59

0.55 - 0.63

1.18

1.09 - 1.27

   US

0.48

0.44 - 0.53

0.31

0.28 - 0.35

0.57

0.53 - 0.62

1.16

1.08 - 1.25

   Australia

0.66

0.60 - 0.72

0.80

0.72 - 0.89

0.69

0.65 - 0.75

1.03

0.95 - 1.11

Gender

        

   Female

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Male

1.13

1.06 - 1.21

1.17

1.08 - 1.27

1.06

1.01 - 1.12

1.31

1.24 - 1.38

Age

        

   18 to 24

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   24 to 39

0.93

0.82 - 1.06

0.72

0.63 - 0.83

1.00

0.91 - 1.10

0.81

0.73 - 0.89

   40 to 54

0.92

0.81 - 1.04

0.73

0.63 - 0.83

1.08

0.99 - 1.18

0.60

0.55 - 0.66

   55+

0.67

0.59 - 0.76

0.63

0.54 - 0.74

0.91

0.83 - 1.01

0.49

0.44 - 0.54

SES

        

   Low

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Moderate

1.38

1.28 - 1.49

1.15

1.04 - 1.28

1.12

1.06 - 1.19

1.40

1.31 - 1.49

   High

2.01

1.83 - 2.20

1.34

1.19 - 1.51

1.11

1.03 - 1.19

2.38

2.21 - 2.58

HSI

        

   Low

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   Moderate

1.02

0.95 - 1.10

1.08

0.98 - 1.18

1.10

1.04 - 1.16

1.03

0.97 - 1.08

   High

1.07

0.98 - 1.16

1.07

0.97 - 1.19

1.11

1.05 - 1.19

1.11

1.03 - 1.17

Used NRT in past year

        

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

  

1.00

   Yes

1.26

1.10 - 1.46

1.03

0.85 - 1.24

1.13

1.00 - 1.27

0.97

0.87 - 1.09

Used SLT in past year

        

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

  

1.00

   Yes

1.09

0.92 - 1.30

1.80

1.51 - 2.14

0.84

0.74 - 0.97

1.27

1.11 - 1.44

Used any SSM in past year

        

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

  

1.00

   Yes

1.37

1.21 - 1.56

1.01

0.84 - 1.20

1.10

0.98 - 1.22

1.13

1.02 - 1.26

  1. NB: Odds ratios are after controlling for all variables shown in the table, and survey wave
  2. * Analysis includes only smokers aware of SLT. CI = confidence interval. Bold text indicates p < .005.