Table 4 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with LDS syringe use in the last month among surveyed IDUs in the North (n = 680)
Characteristics | Total n (%) | Used LDSS in the last month n (%) | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | r | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 680 | 143 | 1.148 (0.357–3.767) | 0.046 | 0.254 |
Education level | |||||
Never been at school/primary school (ref) | 32 | 3 (2.1 %) | 0.204 (0.019–2.216) | ||
Secondary school | 311 | 60 (41.9 %) | 0.737 (0.398–1.365) | 0.217 | 0.192 |
High school or above | 337 | 73 (51.0 %) | 0.314 | 0.332 | |
Income | 680 | 143 | 0.905 (0.757–1.082) | 0.097 | 0.273 |
Injection frequency in the past week | 680 | 143 | 1.731 (1.101–2.665) | 0.538 | 0.017 |
Ever been stopped by police relating drug use | |||||
Yes | 251 | 58 (40.5 %) | 1.655 (1.116–2.452) | 0.750 | 0.006 |
No | 429 | 85 (59.5 %) | |||
Sharing N/S in the last 12 months | |||||
Yes | 35 | 8 (5.6 %) | 1.869 (.663–5.271) | 0.049 | 0.230 |
No | 645 | 135 (94.4 %) | |||
Self-reported HIV status | |||||
Positive | 81 | 6 (4.2 %) | 1.397 (0.542–3.297) | 0.031 | 0.444 |
Negative or unknown | 599 | 137 (95.8 %) | |||
Believed that LDSS is easily hidden from police and other non-drug users | |||||
Yes | 186 | 56 (24.4 %) | 1.718 (1.290–2.015) | 0.654 | 0.027 |
No | 422 | 87 (61.6 %) | |||
Aware that LDSS is easily accessed at late night | |||||
Yes | 146 | 39 (27.3 %) | 2.733 (1.052–3.219) | 0.317 | 0.016 |
No | 534 | 104 (72.7 %) | |||
LDSS is encouraged to use by injecting mates | |||||
Yes | 136 | 63 (44.0 %) | 2.341 (1.374–2.816) | 0.421 | 0.013 |
No | 544 | 80 (56.0 %) | |||
LDSS is affordable | |||||
Yes | 98 | 16 (11.2 %) | 1.732 (1.034–2.310) | 0.360 | 0.027 |
No | 582 | 127 (88.8 %) | |||
Awareness of LDSS non-health benefits | |||||
Yes | 238 | 95 (66.4 %) | 4.231 (2.734–4.710) | 0.713 | 0.001 |
No | 442 | 48 (33.6 %) | |||
Aware that LDSS can minimize the risk of HIV and HCV infection | |||||
Yes | 176 | 54 (37.7 %) | 1.446 (1.263–1.655) | 0.523 | 0.012 |
No | 514 | 89 (62.3 %) | |||
Exposure to LDSS social marketing activities | |||||
Yes | 145 | 111 (77.6 %) | 23.08 (13.26–40.16) | 0.789 | 0.001 |
No | 535 | 32 (22.3 %) | |||