Table 5 Multivariable regression analysis of factors associated with LDSS use in the last month among PWID in Hanoi and Thai Nguyen (n = 680)

Believed that LDSS is easily hidden from police and other non-drug users (yes vs. no)

(1.09–1.91)

Aware that LDSS is easily accessed at late night (yes vs. no)

(1.05–2.73)

LDSS is encouraged to use by injecting mates (yes vs. no)

(1.32–2.16)

LDSS is affordable (yes vs. no)

(1.03–1.73)

Awareness of LDSS non-health benefits (yes vs. no)

(1.05–3.31)

Aware that LDSS can minimize the risk of HIV and HCV infection (yes vs. no)

(1.16–1.65)

Exposure to LDSS social marketing activities (yes vs. no)

(10.6–27.3)