Table 1 Descriptive and bivariate analysis of demographics, substance use patterns, and associated fentanyl-detection as reported by participants

 Methadone

73 (30 %)

18 (25 %)

0.74 [0.39, 1.36]

0.34

 Morphine

97 (40 %)

27 (28 %)

0.91 [0.51, 1.61]

0.76

 Dilaudid

55 (23 %)

13 (24 %)

0.71 [0.34, 1.39]

0.33

 Oxycodone

23 (10 %)

9 (39 %)

1.67 [0.66, 4.00]

0.26

 Fentanyl

31 (13 %)

19 (61 %)

4.97 [2.28, 11.20]

<0.001

 Benzodiazapines

48 (20 %)

14 (29 %)

1.01 [0.49, 2.00]

0.97

 Stimulants NOS^a

25 (10 %)

7 (28 %)

0.95 [0.35, 2.30]

0.91

 Heroin

126 (52 %)

42 (33 %)

1.57 [0.90, 2.78]

0.12

 Cocaine powder

65 (27 %)

16 (25 %)

0.74 [0.38, 1.40]

0.37

 Crack

78 (32 %)

21 (27 %)

0.86 [0.47, 1.56]

0.64

 Crystal meth

143 (59 %)

55 (38 %)

3.50 [1.88, 6.86]

<0.001

 Marijuana

55 (23 %)

14 (25 %)

0.80 [0.39, 1.55]

0.52

 1 substance^b

30 (12 %)

5 (17 %)

1.0

0.12

  >1 substance

212 (88 %)

65 (31 %)

2.21 [0.87, 6.78]

0.12

 Overdose within last month

24 (10 %)

7 (29 %)

0.98 [0.36, 2.39]

0.97

 Overdose within last week

5 (2 %)

5 (100 %)

–

–

 Fraser Health Authority

57 (24 %)

22 (39 %)

1.26 [0.59, 2.69]

<0.001

 Interior Health Authority

54 (22 %)

9 (17 %)

0.40 [0.16, 0.96]

<0.001

 Northern Health Authority

57 (24 %)

10 (18 %)

0.43 [0.17, 1.00]

<0.001

 Vancouver Coastal Health^b

60 (25 %)

20 (33 %)

- = 1.0

<0.001

 Island Health

14 (6 %)

9 (64 %)

3.60 [1.10, 13.08]

<0.001

 19–29

45 (19 %)

12 (27 %)

0.99 [0.41, 2.31]

0.85

 30–39^b

67 (28 %)

18 (27 %)

1.0

0.85

 40–49

83 (34 %)

27 (33 %)

1.31 [0.65, 2.70]

0.85

 50+

47 (19 %)

13 (28 %)

1.04 [0.44, 2.40]

0.85

 Female

98 (40 %)

32 (33 %)

1.31 [0.75, 2.31]

0.34

 Male^b

141 (58 %)

38 (27 %)

1.0

0.34