Table 2 Associations between HIV infection and sociodemographic or behavioral characteristics among men who injected drugs in northwestern Vietnam

 Tuan Giao

1

1

 Bat Xat

0.33 (0.26–0.52)

1.44 (0.75–2.79)

 Lao Cai City

0.37 (0.26–0.54)

0.74 (0.40–1.36)

  18–28

1

1

  29–35

1.77 (1.16–2.69)

1.62 (1.10–2.60)

  36–41

0.84 (0.52–1.35)

0.64 (0.36–1.12)

  42 or older

0.53 (0.32–0.88)

0.46 (0.25–0.83)

  Kinh

1

  Thai

3.28 (2.26–4.77)

3.55 (1.84–6.87)

  H’mong

0.07 (0.01–0.53)

0.07 (0.01–0.61)

  Dao

0.316 (0.095–1.052)

0.34 (0.08–1.42)

  Others

1.058 (0.632–1.769)

0.89 (0.48–1.64)

  No education

1

1

  Grades 1–9

1.98 (1.19–3.27)

0.99 (0.50–1.95)

  Grade 10 or higher

0.82 (0.458–1.48)

0.46 (0.21–1.02)

  ≤ 1 year

1

1

  2–3 years

1.71 (1.07–2.73)

2.15 (1.26–3.65)

  4–6 years

3.11 (1.91–5.08)

4.36 (2.46–7.73)

  > 6 years

2.59 (1.63–4.11)

5.63 (3.10–10.26)

  No

1

  Yes

0.87 (0.58–1.32)

 Frequency of injection drug use in the previous month

–

  ≤ 1 time/day

1

–

  ≥ 2 times/day

1.67 (1.18–2.36)

–

 Gave or received used needles and/or syringes in the previous 6 months

–

  No

1

  Yes

0.51 (0.30–0.89)

 Gave used needles and/or syringes in the previous month

–

  No

1

–

  Yes

0.84 (0.45–1.55)

–

 Received used needles and/or syringes in the previous month

–

  No

1

–

  Yes

0.69 (0.39–1.22)

–

 Went to a hotspot in the previous week

–

  No

1

–

  Yes

0.47 (0.33–0.67)

–

 Received free clean needles and syringes in the previous 6 months

–

  No

1

–

  Yes

1.17 (0.85–1.62)

–

 Number of sex partners in the previous 6 months

–

  1

1

–

  0

0.87 (0.61–1.24)

–

  Multiple

0.47 (0.25–0.88)

–