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Table 4 Factors associated with receiving used needles and/or syringes in the previous month among HIV-negative men who injected drugs in northwestern Vietnam

From: Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among men who inject drugs in a remote area of Vietnam

Characteristics

 

Received used needles and/or syringes in the previous month

n (%a)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

p value (for trend)

Adjusted ORb (95% CI)

p value (for trend)

Study sites

 Tuan Giao

146 (35.8)

1

 

1

 

 Bat Xat

79 (19.4)

3.12 (1.37–7.11)

0.007

1.70 (0.47–6.17)

0.417

 Lao Cai City

182 (44.7)

1.02 (0.45–2.33)

0.957

1.13 (0.33–3.94)

0.848

Age groups

  

(0.458)

  

 18–28

104 (25.6)

1

 

–

 

 29–35

97 (23.8)

1.08 (0.43–2.72)

0.870

–

 

 36–41

101 (24.8)

0.81 (0.31–2.14)

0.669

–

 

 42 or older

105 (25.8)

1.33 (0.56–3.18)

0.524

–

 

Ethnicity

 Kinh

233 (57.3)

1

 

1

 

 Thai

77 (18.9)

1.45 (0.57–3.71)

0.434

2.91 (0.73–11.51)

0.129

 H’mong

16 (3.9)

6.61 (2.03–21.49)

0.002

5.19 (0.89–30.41)

0.068

 Dao

20 (4.9)

4.84 (1.55–15.14)

0.007

3.18 (0.56–18.06)

0.191

 Others

61 (15.0)

2.52 (1.04–6.06)

0.040

3.01 (1.08–8.38)

0.035

Education level

  

(0.002)

 

(0.189)

 No education

38 (9.3)

1

 

1

 

 Grades 1–9

223 (54.8)

0.31 (0.13–0.71)

0.006

0.66 (0.21–2.09)

0.484

 Grade 10 or higher

146 (35.9)

0.18 (0.07–0.49)

0.001

0.51 (0.13–2.02)

0.336

Duration of injection drug use

  

(0.383)

 

(0.059)

 ≤ 1 year

142 (34.9)

1

 

1

 

 2–3 years

102 (25.1)

2.16 (0.89–5.26)

0.091

2.13 (0.78–5.81)

0.142

 4–6 years

67 (16.5)

2.90 (1.14–7.39)

0.025

3.83 (1.32–11.13)

0.014

 > 6 years

96 (23.6)

1.34 (0.50–3.61)

0.559

2.52 (0.78–8.19)

0.125

Frequency of injection drug use in the previous month

 ≤ 1 time/day

152 (37.4)

1

 

1

 

 ≥ 2 times/day

255 (62.7)

0.66 (0.35–1.27)

0.211

0.69 (0.31–1.51)

0.347

Went to a hotspot in the previous week

 No

155 (38.1)

1

 

1

 

 Yes

252 (61.9)

2.36 (1.09–5.09)

0.029

3.03 (1.28–7.19)

0.012

Received free clean needles and syringes in the previous 6 months

 No

187 (46.0)

1

 

–

 

 Yes

220 (54.1)

0.79 (0.41–1.51)

0.476

–

 

Ever tested for HIV

 No

265 (65.1)

1

 

1

 

 Yes

142 (34.9)

0.57 (0.27–1.20)

0.141

0.93 (0.40–2.13)

0.862

  1. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  2. aPercent by n in each category of sociodemographic or behavioral characteristics
  3. bIn the multivariable model, there were 41 participants who received used needles and/or syringes and 366 participants who did not
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