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Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of FORECAST participants according to reported behavior change during last suspected fentanyl exposure

From: Harm reduction measures employed by people using opioids with suspected fentanyl exposure in Boston, Baltimore, and Providence

 

Total

Used as intended

Practiced HRB

p value

 

No. (col %)

No. (row %)

No. (row %)

 

Total

196 (100)

119 (60.7)

77 (39.3)

 

Study center

 Baltimore

103 (52.6)

62 (60.2)

41 (39.8)

 

 Boston

53 (27)

35 (66.0)

18 (34.0)

 

 Providence

40 (20.4)

22 (55.0)

18 (45.0)

0.552

Age

 < 35

54 (27.6)

41 (75.9)

13 (24.1)

 

 > 35

142 (72.4)

78 (54.9)

64 (45.1)

0.007

Gender

 Male

116 (59.2)

75 (64.7)

41 (35.3)

 

 Female

80 (40.8)

44 (55.0)

36 (45.0)

0.174

Race

 NH White

92 (46.9)

67 (72.8)

25 (27.2)

 

 NH Black

63 (32.1)

30 (47.6)

33 (52.4)

 

 Hispanic/other

41 (20.9)

22 (53.7)

19 (46.3)

0.004

Homeless

135 (68.9)

83 (61.5)

52 (38.5)

0.744

Legally unemployed

172 (87.8)

105 (61.0)

67 (39.0)

0.799

Drug use, past 6 months

 Heroin

182 (92.9)

109 (59.9)

73 (40.1)

0.394

 Cocaine

170 (86.7)

102 (60.0)

68 (40.0)

0.601

 Prescription opioid use (illicit/misuse)

87 (44.4)

52 (59.8)

35 (40.2)

0.809

 Crack cocaine

143 (73)

81 (56.6)

62 (43.4)

0.055

 Methamphetamine

29 (14.8)

21 (72.4)

8 (27.6)

0.162

 Illicit benzodiazepine use/misuse

103 (52.6)

68 (66.0)

35 (34.0)

0.110

 Alcohol

123 (62.8)

65 (52.8)

58 (47.2)

0.003

 Polydrug use (> 4)

104 (53.1)

60 (57.7)

44 (42.3)

0.357

Overdose history

 Ever overdose

  No

55 (28. 2)

27 (4.1)

28 (50.9)

 

  Yes

140 (71.4)

92 (65.7)

48 (34.3)

0.032

 Number of overdoses, past year

    

  None

102 (52.0)

58 (56.9)

44 (43.1)

 

  One to two

52 (26.5)

30 (57.7)

22 (42.3)

 

  Three or more

42 (21.4)

31 (73.8)

11 (26.2)

0.074

 Ever witnessed a fatal overdose

91 (46.4)

56 (61.5)

35 (38.5)

0.826

Risk environment

 Injection drug use

    

  Never

43 (21.9)

18 (41.9)

25 (58.1)

 

  Less than daily

50 (25.5)

28 (56.0)

22 (44.0)

 

  ≥ Daily

103 (52.6)

73 (70.9)

30 (29.1)

0.003

 Usual drug use setting, past 30 days

    

  Private

50 (25.5)

33 (45.2)

40 (54.8)

 

  Public

103 (52.6)

83 (69.7)

36 (30.3)

0.001

 Usually used drugs alone

87 (44.4)

55 (63.2)

32 (36.8)

0.521

 Rushed buying, using or preparing drugs due to fear of police, past year

168 (85.7)

104 (61.9)

64 (38.1)

0.403

 Sold drugs, past 3 months

118 (60.2)

77 (65.3)

41 (34.8)

0.109

 Arrest, past year

102 (52)

64 (62.7)

38 (37.3)

0.544

 Drug-related arrest, past year

64 (32.7)

38 (59.4)

26 (40.6)

0.789

Drug treatment and harm reduction

    

 Drug treatment (any), past 6 months

120 (61.2)

67 (55.8)

53 (44.2)

0.060

  Medication-assisted treatment

81 (41.3)

43 (53.1)

38 (46.9)

0.066

  Rehabilitation or detoxification

51 (26)

31 (60.8)

20 (39.2)

0.991

  Counseling/mental health/support group

57 (29.1)

27 (47.4)

30 (52.6)

0.014

 Carry naloxone

105 (53.6)

66 (62.9)

39 (37.1)

0.637

  1. Significant p values (< 0.05) are shown in italics