Citation | Sample size | Loc1 | Pop2 | Design3 | Data4 | Condition 5 | Outcome measure6 | Adjusted for7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randomized controlled studies | ||||||||
[20,21,22,23,24] | 1010 | Eng | White | D_Bl, Pl | SR, CO | Patch, placebo | BW, GA, PT, SB, NICU Ad, ApgS, MF, CD | Recruitment centre |
[25] | 194 | USA | Hispanic, White | D_Bl, Pl | SR, CO, CR, MR | Gum, placebo | BW, GA, ApgS, PT, | Normal distribution only |
[26] | 181 | USA | White | NB | SR, CR | CBT, CBT+NRT | BW, GA | Pre-term birth |
[27] | 23 | USA | White | Cr | US, BP, Pulse | Patch, smoking | Systolic, diastolic BP, middle cerebral, umbilical or uterine arteries, fetal heart rate | N/A |
Cross-sectional population-based studies | ||||||||
[37] | 379,214 | NC | MR, SR (MWR) | NSNNU, smoking, snus, | Preeclampsia | Maternal age at delivery, early pregnancy, BMI, parity, and YrsEd. Excluded dual users and multiple births | ||
[38] | 1,270,161 | Sw | MR, SR (MWR) | NSNNU, smoking, Snus, dual-use | PT | Parity, PPBMI, family situation Maternal age, maternal Country of birth, YrsEd. Excluded multiple births | ||
[39] | 609,551 | NC | MR, SR | NSNNU, smoking, snus | SGA, Nap | SGA: maternal age, height, parity, education. In addition, for apnea: infant gender, GA, SGA, delivery method | ||
[28] | 72,761 | Dk | MR, TSR | NSNNU, smoking, combined-NRT | BW |
Infant sex, parity, fertility problems, maternal age, SES, MS, PPBMI, maternal weight loss during pregnancy, occupational physical strain, physical exercise, coffee, alcohol, nausea, vomiting, vaginal bleeding, eating disorder, hypertension, PSS, maternal height. Excluded multiple births, pre-28 weeks birth, | ||
[40] | 610,879 | Sw | MR, SR (MWR) | NSNNU, smoking, snus | SB | Maternal age, PPBMI, parity, YrsEd, chronic hypertension, and pre-gestational diabetes. Excluding women with preeclampsia, antenatal bleeding, and SGA. | ||
[29] | 90,165 | Dk | MR, TSR | NSNNU, smoking, NRT, dual-use | SB | For the NRT groups: smoking, Maternal age, SES. Excluded: Multiple births, pregnancies ending in hydatidiform mole or ectopic pregnancy, or before 20 completed weeks. | ||
[30] | 220,630 | UK | MR, SR | Never-smoked, RecNRT, smoking | SB | Maternal age, SES, pre-pregnancy BMI, and diabetes. Excluded multi-births | ||
[31] | 76,768 | Dk | MR, SR | NSNNU, smoking, NRT | MF | Not specified for NRT group | ||
[32] | 192,498 | UK | MR, SR | NSNNU, smoking, RecNRT | MF | Age, SES, maternal diabetes, asthma, mental illnesses, and multiple births. Excluding: SB | ||
[41] | 975,866 | Sw | MR, SR | NSNNU, smoking, snus | MF | age, parity, education, living with father-to-be, hypertension, diabetes, PE, sex of newborn, birth (singleton or multiple) | ||
[33] | 63,128 | Dk | TSR | NRT, NSNNU, smoking | Colic | Maternal age, parity, daily coffee consumption, weekly alcohol consumption, binge-drinking, and education and SES | ||
Cross-sectional non-population-based studies | ||||||||
[44] | 129 | MR | Vaping | BW, PT | Not specified | |||
[34] | 5716 | USA | White | SWQ, BC | RecNRT, never-smoked, smoking | BW, PT | Age, PPBMI, race/ethnicity, education level, MS, income, MA, parity, alcohol, and maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Excluded: no PNC, no information on MS, MA, or alcohol | |
[42] | 23,542 | Sw | MR, SR (MWR) | NSNNU, smoking, snus | BW, PT, PE | Maternal age, GA, BMI, parity, infant sex, excluded, multiple births, stillbirths | ||
[45] | 41 | USA | AN | CS8 | SI, LipTool | NSNNU (C), Iq’mik, | GA, BW, ApgS, LipTool | Not stated |
Prospective study | ||||||||
[43] | 56 | Sw | Pilot | SR, COT | Snus, NSNNU, smoking | CVD | BW, baby’s sex, mother’s weight, parity, gestational week at delivery, GA, and BW | |
Observational pilot study | ||||||||
[35, 36] | 6 | USA | White | Pilot | PE, CV | N/A | All | Not specified |