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Outer setting
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[Contextual factors that influence successful implementation]
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Patient needs and resources
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Stigma, trauma and criminalization; unpredictable illicit market; diverse population and needs
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External policy and incentives
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Criminalization of drugs and people who use drugs
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Intervention characteristics
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[Key attributes of drug checking a harm reduction intervention that influence successful implementation]
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Relative advantage
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Low barrier and greater benefits than risks of criminalization
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Evidence strength and quality
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Accuracy of drug checks providing information on composition using a small sample
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Design quality and packaging
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Free and fast service
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Adaptability
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Harm reduction messaging
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Inner setting
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[Key attributes of drug checking services and sites that influence successful implementation]
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Culture and compatibility
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Safety; respect; confidential and anonymous service; and harm reduction mandate
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Available resources
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Multiple settings to meet diverse needs; paired with compatible services; pharmacies; mobile services
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Characteristics of individuals
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[Key attributes of drug checking staff that influence successful implementation]
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Knowledge and beliefs
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Skilled technicians and trust, respect and freedom from judgement
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Process of implementation
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[Key attributes related to the process of implementing drug checking services that influence successful implementation]
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Engaging and external change agents
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Engaging people with lived and living experience in implementation and the intervention
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