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Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies on HBV prevalence among people who use drugs in Iran

From: Hepatitis B virus infection among people who use drugs in Iran: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trend analysis

No

Author, year

Year of study

implementation

Province(s)

Recruitment setting

Sampling method

Sample size

(male, female)

Target population

Definition of PWID

Response rate (%)

Unfulfilled quality criteria

1

Asadollahi, 2019 [47]

2017

Khuzestan

One DTC

UK

131 (UK)

PWID

UK

UK

2, 3, 4, 5, 6

2

Gheibipour, 2019 [48]

2016

Kermanshah

Two DICs and high-risk areas

Snowball sampling

606 (606,0)

PWID

UK

UK

2, 3, 5

3

Moradi, 2019 [49]

2016

National (10 provinces)

29 prisons

Random multistage sampling

4614 (UK)

PWID, non-injecting PWUD

Lifetime

98.1

4

4

Moradi, 2018 [50]

2015

National (9 provinces)

26 prisons

Random multistage sampling

4078 (UK)

PWID, non-injecting PWUD

Lifetime

88.8

4

5

Ziaee, 2016 [51]

2013–2014

South Khorasan

Household

UK

148 (UK)

PWID; non-injecting PWUD

Lifetime

UK

2, 3, 4, 5

6

Kandelouei, 2013 [52]

2013

Tehran

Three DICs in different areas with high rates of high-risk behaviours

UK

129 (128, 1)

PWID

Current

UK

2, 3

7

Moezzi, 2014 [53]

2013

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari

Household

Cluster sampling

29 (UK)

PWID

UK

UK

3, 4, 5

8

Nokhodian, 2014 [54]

2012

Isfahan

Two prisons

Census

970 (970,0)

PWID

Lifetime

UK

2, 3

9

Ramezani, 2014 [55]

2012

Markazi

An MMT centre

UK

100 (100,0)

PWID

Last 3 months

UK

2, 3

10

Mohammadkhani-Ghiasvand, 2016 [56)

2010–2011

Tehran

An MMT centre

Census

220 (UK)

PWID; non-injecting PWUD

UK

UK

3, 4, 5, 6

11

Alipour, 2013 [57]

2010

Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Fars

Four DICs

Convenient

42 (0, 42)

PWID

Lifetime

UK

2, 3

12

Alipour, 2013 [57]

2010

Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Fars

Four DICs

Convenient

226 (226,0)

PWID

Last 12 months

UK

2, 3

13

Momen-Heravi, 2013 [58]

2010

Isfahan

Several MMT clinics, one DIC, an HCT centre

Convenient

300 (288, 12)

PWID

UK

UK

2, 3, 5

14

Teimori, 2011 [59]

2010

Kermanshah

One DTC

Census

76 (0, 76)

PWID; non-injecting PWUD

Usual route

UK

3

15

Khosravani, 2012 [60]

2009–2010

Kohkiloyeh & Boyerahmad

Two DTCs, one prison, 4 wards from two hospitals

UK

158 (157, 1)

PWID

Lifetime

UK

1, 2, 3, 4

16

Ziaee, 2014 [61]

2009–2010

South Khorasan

Three prisons

Stratified random

59 (UK)

PWID

UK

UK

2, 3, 4, 5

17

Khodadoostan, 2014 [62]

2009

Isfahan

NR

Announcement-based

1588 (UK)

PWID

Lifetime

NA

2, 4, 7

18

Nokhodian, 2012 [63]

2009

Isfahan

Central prison

Census

49 (0, 49)

PWID, non-injecting PWUD

Lifetime

100

None

19

Sofian, 2012 [64]

2009

Markazi

Prisons and mandatory residential centre for drug addiction

Census

153 (153,0)

PWID

Last 3 months

100

None

20

Khajedaluee, 2016 [65]

2008

Khorasan Razavi

Two prisons

Stratified random

606 (UK)

PWID, non-injecting PWUD

UK

UK

3, 4, 5

21

Zamani, 2010 [66]

2008

Isfahan

One DIC, at parks and streets

Respondent driven

117 (114, 3)

PWID

Last month

99.2

2, 4

22

Radfar, 2008 [67]

2007

Isfahan

A residential short-term rehabilitation centre

Convenient

40 (40,0)

PWID

UK

UK

2, 3, 4, 5, 6

23

Rahimi-Movaghar, 2010 [68]

2006–2007

Tehran

Three DTCs, 2 DICs, public places in 5 high-risk areas

Consecutive and purposive sampling using ethnographic observations, peer referral, snowball sampling

864 (827, 37)

PWID

Last 2 months

99.4 (for blood samples)

2, 3

24

SeyedAlinaghi, 2010 [69]

2006

Tehran

A mandatory rehabilitation centre

Census

452 (452,0)

PWID

Urine test and injection marks

90.6

None

25

Mardani, 2009 [70)

2004–2005

Ghom

One prison

UK

808 (UK)

PWID; non-injecting PWUD

UK

UK

2, 3, 4, 5

26

Talaei, 2007 [71]

2004–2005

Tehran

One poisoning hospital

Census

126 (UK)

non-injecting PWUD

Lifetime

UK

3, 4

27

Taghizadeh Asl, 2013 [72]

2003–2005

Alborz

Triangular clinic in a prison

Convenient

132 (132,0)

PWID

UK

88

2, 5, 6

28

Azarkar, 2007 [73)

2004

South Khorasan

One prison

Stratified random

140 (UK)

non-injecting PWUD

UK

UK

3, 4, 5

29

Imani, 2008 [74]

2004

Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari

One DTC

Convenient

133 (131, 2)

PWID

UK

UK

2, 3, 5

30

Khodadadizadeh, 2006 [75]

2003

Kerman

One DTC

Convenient

180 (172, 8)

PWID; non-injecting PWUD

UK

UK

2, 3, 4, 5

31

Pourahmad, 2007 [76]

2003

Isfahan, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Lorestan

Four prisons

UK

401 (401,0)

PWID

UK

UK

2, 3, 5

32

Davoodian, 2009 [77]

2002

Hormozgan

Two prisons

Random

252 (252,0)

PWID

UK

UK

3, 4, 5

33

Tavakkoli, 2008 [78]

2001–2002

Tehran

Two prisons and 3 DTCs

Prisons: Random

DTCs: Consecutive

518 (464, 54)

PWID

Regular injection for at least one year

98.5

2

34

Rowhani-Rahbar, 2004 [79]

2001

Khorasan Razavi

One prison

Convenient

101 (101,0)

PWID

Injection scars and identified as PWID by health personnel

92.7

2

35

Masaud, 1996 [80]

1990–1991

Tehran

Two prisons

UK

88 (48, 40)

PWID

Lifetime

UK

1, 2, 3, 7

  1. Numerals of unfulfilled criteria; (1) Source of sampling was not well-presented or not representative of the target population; (2) The method of sampling was not appropriate; (3) The response rate was not provided or was under 70% or the non-responders were different from respondents in the main demographic characteristics; (4) Subgroup analyses were not performed for gender; (5) The study subjects (definition of injecting and non-injecting drug use) and the setting were not described in detail; (6) The condition was not measured by a valid method; (7) The year of the study was not stated; (8) The sample size was not adequate
  2. UK unknown, PWID people who inject drugs; Non-injecting PWUD non-injecting people who use drugs, DTC drug treatment centre, DIC drop-in centre