No | Author, year | Year of study implementation | Province(s) | Recruitment setting | Sampling method | Sample size (male, female) | Target population | Definition of PWID | Response rate (%) | Unfulfilled quality criteria |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Asadollahi, 2019 [47] | 2017 | Khuzestan | One DTC | UK | 131 (UK) | PWID | UK | UK | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
2 | Gheibipour, 2019 [48] | 2016 | Kermanshah | Two DICs and high-risk areas | Snowball sampling | 606 (606,0) | PWID | UK | UK | 2, 3, 5 |
3 | Moradi, 2019 [49] | 2016 | National (10 provinces) | 29 prisons | Random multistage sampling | 4614 (UK) | PWID, non-injecting PWUD | Lifetime | 98.1 | 4 |
4 | Moradi, 2018 [50] | 2015 | National (9 provinces) | 26 prisons | Random multistage sampling | 4078 (UK) | PWID, non-injecting PWUD | Lifetime | 88.8 | 4 |
5 | Ziaee, 2016 [51] | 2013–2014 | South Khorasan | Household | UK | 148 (UK) | PWID; non-injecting PWUD | Lifetime | UK | 2, 3, 4, 5 |
6 | Kandelouei, 2013 [52] | 2013 | Tehran | Three DICs in different areas with high rates of high-risk behaviours | UK | 129 (128, 1) | PWID | Current | UK | 2, 3 |
7 | Moezzi, 2014 [53] | 2013 | Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | Household | Cluster sampling | 29 (UK) | PWID | UK | UK | 3, 4, 5 |
8 | Nokhodian, 2014 [54] | 2012 | Isfahan | Two prisons | Census | 970 (970,0) | PWID | Lifetime | UK | 2, 3 |
9 | Ramezani, 2014 [55] | 2012 | Markazi | An MMT centre | UK | 100 (100,0) | PWID | Last 3Â months | UK | 2, 3 |
10 | Mohammadkhani-Ghiasvand, 2016 [56) | 2010–2011 | Tehran | An MMT centre | Census | 220 (UK) | PWID; non-injecting PWUD | UK | UK | 3, 4, 5, 6 |
11 | Alipour, 2013 [57] | 2010 | Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Fars | Four DICs | Convenient | 42 (0, 42) | PWID | Lifetime | UK | 2, 3 |
12 | Alipour, 2013 [57] | 2010 | Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Fars | Four DICs | Convenient | 226 (226,0) | PWID | Last 12Â months | UK | 2, 3 |
13 | Momen-Heravi, 2013 [58] | 2010 | Isfahan | Several MMT clinics, one DIC, an HCT centre | Convenient | 300 (288, 12) | PWID | UK | UK | 2, 3, 5 |
14 | Teimori, 2011 [59] | 2010 | Kermanshah | One DTC | Census | 76 (0, 76) | PWID; non-injecting PWUD | Usual route | UK | 3 |
15 | Khosravani, 2012 [60] | 2009–2010 | Kohkiloyeh & Boyerahmad | Two DTCs, one prison, 4 wards from two hospitals | UK | 158 (157, 1) | PWID | Lifetime | UK | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
16 | Ziaee, 2014 [61] | 2009–2010 | South Khorasan | Three prisons | Stratified random | 59 (UK) | PWID | UK | UK | 2, 3, 4, 5 |
17 | Khodadoostan, 2014 [62] | 2009 | Isfahan | NR | Announcement-based | 1588 (UK) | PWID | Lifetime | NA | 2, 4, 7 |
18 | Nokhodian, 2012 [63] | 2009 | Isfahan | Central prison | Census | 49 (0, 49) | PWID, non-injecting PWUD | Lifetime | 100 | None |
19 | Sofian, 2012 [64] | 2009 | Markazi | Prisons and mandatory residential centre for drug addiction | Census | 153 (153,0) | PWID | Last 3Â months | 100 | None |
20 | Khajedaluee, 2016 [65] | 2008 | Khorasan Razavi | Two prisons | Stratified random | 606 (UK) | PWID, non-injecting PWUD | UK | UK | 3, 4, 5 |
21 | Zamani, 2010 [66] | 2008 | Isfahan | One DIC, at parks and streets | Respondent driven | 117 (114, 3) | PWID | Last month | 99.2 | 2, 4 |
22 | Radfar, 2008 [67] | 2007 | Isfahan | A residential short-term rehabilitation centre | Convenient | 40 (40,0) | PWID | UK | UK | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
23 | Rahimi-Movaghar, 2010 [68] | 2006–2007 | Tehran | Three DTCs, 2 DICs, public places in 5 high-risk areas | Consecutive and purposive sampling using ethnographic observations, peer referral, snowball sampling | 864 (827, 37) | PWID | Last 2 months | 99.4 (for blood samples) | 2, 3 |
24 | SeyedAlinaghi, 2010 [69] | 2006 | Tehran | A mandatory rehabilitation centre | Census | 452 (452,0) | PWID | Urine test and injection marks | 90.6 | None |
25 | Mardani, 2009 [70) | 2004–2005 | Ghom | One prison | UK | 808 (UK) | PWID; non-injecting PWUD | UK | UK | 2, 3, 4, 5 |
26 | Talaei, 2007 [71] | 2004–2005 | Tehran | One poisoning hospital | Census | 126 (UK) | non-injecting PWUD | Lifetime | UK | 3, 4 |
27 | Taghizadeh Asl, 2013 [72] | 2003–2005 | Alborz | Triangular clinic in a prison | Convenient | 132 (132,0) | PWID | UK | 88 | 2, 5, 6 |
28 | Azarkar, 2007 [73) | 2004 | South Khorasan | One prison | Stratified random | 140 (UK) | non-injecting PWUD | UK | UK | 3, 4, 5 |
29 | Imani, 2008 [74] | 2004 | Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari | One DTC | Convenient | 133 (131, 2) | PWID | UK | UK | 2, 3, 5 |
30 | Khodadadizadeh, 2006 [75] | 2003 | Kerman | One DTC | Convenient | 180 (172, 8) | PWID; non-injecting PWUD | UK | UK | 2, 3, 4, 5 |
31 | Pourahmad, 2007 [76] | 2003 | Isfahan, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Lorestan | Four prisons | UK | 401 (401,0) | PWID | UK | UK | 2, 3, 5 |
32 | Davoodian, 2009 [77] | 2002 | Hormozgan | Two prisons | Random | 252 (252,0) | PWID | UK | UK | 3, 4, 5 |
33 | Tavakkoli, 2008 [78] | 2001–2002 | Tehran | Two prisons and 3 DTCs | Prisons: Random DTCs: Consecutive | 518 (464, 54) | PWID | Regular injection for at least one year | 98.5 | 2 |
34 | Rowhani-Rahbar, 2004 [79] | 2001 | Khorasan Razavi | One prison | Convenient | 101 (101,0) | PWID | Injection scars and identified as PWID by health personnel | 92.7 | 2 |
35 | Masaud, 1996 [80] | 1990–1991 | Tehran | Two prisons | UK | 88 (48, 40) | PWID | Lifetime | UK | 1, 2, 3, 7 |