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Table 2 Findings of studies on HBV prevalence among people who inject drugs in Iran

From: Hepatitis B virus infection among people who use drugs in Iran: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trend analysis

No

Author, Year

Recruitment setting

Age characteristics

History of ever sharing needle equipment (%)

History of other high-risk injection (%)

History of incarceration (%)

History of a high-risk sexual relationship (%)

Tattooing/ Cupping (%)

Sample size (Male, Female)

HBsAg positive cases (%)

Other tests (%)

Total

Male

Female

1

Asadollahi, 2019 [47]

DTC

Mean (SD): 48.2 (10.4)

Range: 29–71

–

–

–

–

–

131 (UK)

8a (6.1)

–

–

–

2

Gheibipour, 2019 [48]

DIC

Mean (SD): 36.7 (8.5)

Range:18–65

–

–

77.6

–

Tattoo: 62.1

606 (606,0)

18 (2.9)

18 (2.9)

–

–

3

Moradi, 2019 [49]

Incarcerated

–

36.0

–

NA

–

–

697 (UK)

19 (2.7)

–

–

–

4

Moradi, 2018 [50]

Incarcerated

–

29.3

–

NA

–

–

678 (UK)

17 (2.5)

–

–

–

5

Ziaee, 2016 [51]

Community

–

–

–

–

–

–

9 (UK)

0 (0)

–

–

–

6

Kandelouei, 2013 [52]

DIC

30–40 years: 34.6%

25.0

–

68.3

–

Tattoo:38.8

129 (128, 1)

4 (3.1)

4 (3.1)

0 (0)

–

7

Moezzi, 2014 [53)

Community

 > 15

–

–

–

–

–

29 (UK)

2 (6.8)

–

–

–

8

Nokhodian, 2014 [54]

Incarcerated

Mean (SD): 32.6 (8.1)

–

Injection in prison: 40.3

NA

MSM:43.1

–

970 (970,0)

32 (3.3)

32 (3.3)

–

HBcAb: 127 (13.0); Isolated HBsAg: 120 (12.3)

9

Ramezani, 2014 [55]

DTC

Range: 17–58

54.0

Unsafe injection in prison:25.0; First injection i N < 18: 24.0

73.0

MSM: 9.0; With PWID: 14.0

Tattoo: 78.0

100 (100,0)

6 (6)

6 (6)

–

HCV: 6 (6); HCV-HIV: 5 (5)

10

Mohammadkhani-Ghiasvand, 2016 [56]

DTC

–

–

–

–

–

–

34 (UK)

6 (17.6)

–

–

–

11

Alipour, 2013 [57]

DIC

Mean (SD): 33.0 (1.0)

55.0

–

–

–

–

42 (0, 42)

3 (7.3)

–

3 (7.3)

–

12

Alipour, 2013 [57]

DIC

Mean (SD): 37.0 (1.1)

39.1

–

–

–

–

226(226,0)

8 (3.6)

8 (3.6)

–

–

13

Momen-Heravi, 2013 [58]

Mixed

Mean (SD): 34.9 (9.7)

11.0

–

76.7

MSM: 20.7; Extramarital: 20.3

Tattoo: 41.0; Cupping: 24.7

300 (288, 12)

2 (0.7)

2 (0.66)

0 (0)

–

14

Teimori, 2011 [59]

DTC

Mean: 35.2

Range: 20–54

–

–

–

–

–

10 (0,10)

0 (0)

–

0 (0)

–

15

Khosravani, 2012 [60]

Mixed

–

–

–

–

–

–

158 (157, 1)

5 (3.2)b

5 (3.2)b

0 (0)b

–

16

Ziaee, 2014 [61]

Incarcerated

–

–

–

NA

–

–

59 (UK)

5 (8.9)

–

–

–

17

Khodadoostan, 2014 [62]

Community

–

–

–

–

–

–

1588 (UK)

67 (4.2)

–

–

–

18

Nokhodian, 2012 [63]

Incarcerated

–

–

–

NA

–

–

5 (0, 5)

0 (0)

–

0 (0)

HBcAb: 2 (40); HBsAb: 2 (40)

19

Sofian, 2012 [64]

Incarcerated

Mean (SD): 30.7 (5.9)

–

–

NA

–

–

153 (153,0)

11 (7.2)

11 (7.2)

–

HCV: 9(5.9)

HIV: 13(2.0)

HCV-HIV: 2(1.3)

20

Khajedaluee, 2016 [65]

Incarcerated

–

–

–

NA

–

–

111 (UK)

6 (5.4)

–

–

–

21

Zamani, 2010 [66]

Community

Mean (SD): 29.0 (6.6)

31.2

–

71.2

MSM: 11.3 Exchanged for money or drug: 24.9

Tattoo:55.8

117 (114, 3)

2; Estimated RDS measure: 0.7

–

–

–

22

Radfar, 2008 [67]

DTC

Mean (SD): 28.8 (6.2)

–

–

–

–

–

40 (40,0)

3 (7.5)

3 (7.5)

 

–

23

Rahimi-Movaghar, 2010 [68]

Mixed

Mean (SD): 33.9 (9.4)

76.6

Unsafe injection in prison: 15.2; Any sharing in the L6M: 63.9

70.9

Extramarital without protection in the L6M: 36.4

–

864 (827, 37)

213 (24.7)

385 (46.5)b

13 (35.1)b

HCV: 181(21.0)

HIV: 67(7.8)

HCV-HIV: 56(6.5)

24

SeyedAlinaghi, 2010 [69]

Incarcerated

25–34 years: 51.7%

27.2

Unsafe injection in prison: 6.2

74.3

MSM: 5.0; With sex worker: 23.3

Tattoo: 27.7

452 (452,0)

26 (5.8)

26 (5.8)

–

–

25

Mardani, 2009 [70]

Incarcerated

–

–

–

NA

–

–

644 (UK)

30 (4.7)

–

–

–

26

Taghizadeh Asl, 2013 [72]

Incarcerated

Mean (SD): 31.4 (8.2)

–

–

NA

–

–

132 (132,0)

25 (18.9)

25 (18.9)

 

–

27

Imani, 2008 [74]

DTC

Mean (SD): 31.3 (7.1)

19.6

–

35.3

–

–

133 (131, 2)

8 (6.0)

8 (6.1)

0 (0)

–

28

Khodadadizadeh, 2006 [75]

DTC

–

–

–

–

–

–

31 (31, 0)

3 (9.7)

3 (9.7)

–

–

29

Pourahmad, 2007 [76]

Incarcerated

–

58.5

–

NA

–

–

401 (401,0)

17 (4.0)

17 (4.0)

–

–

30

Davoodian, 2009 [77]

Incarcerated

Mean (SD): 35.4 (8.4)

–

–

NA

–

–

252 (252,0)

12 (4.8)

12 (4.8)

–

HCV: 7(2.8)

HIV: 3(1.2);

HCV-HIV: 3(1.2)

31

Tavakkoli, 2008 [78]

Mixed

30–44 years: 61.4%

62.0

–

74.5

Homo/bi-sexual: 27.3

Tattoo: 52.5

518 (464, 54)

19 (3.7)

17 (3.7)

2 (3.7)

HBcAb: 317 (61.1); HbeAg: 12 (2.3)

32

Rowhani-Rahbar, 2004 [79]

Incarcerated

Mean: 32.8

48.5

–

NA

Multiple partners: 40.6

Tattoo: 57.4

101 (101,0)

3 (2.9)

3 (2.9)

–

–

33

Masaud, 1996 [80]

Incarcerated

Mean: 34.0

–

–

NA

–

–

88 (48, 40)

5 (5.7)

5 (10.4)

0 (0)

HBeAg: 0 (0); HBeAb: 25 (28.5)

  1. UK unknown, NA not applicable, MSM men having sex with men, L6M last 6 months, DTC drug treatment centre, DIC drop-in centre
  2. aHBV positive
  3. bHBsAg and HBcAb positive cases