No | Author, Year | Recruitment setting | Age characteristics | History of ever sharing needle equipment (%) | History of other high-risk injection (%) | History of incarceration (%) | History of a high-risk sexual relationship (%) | Tattooing/ Cupping (%) | Sample size (Male, Female) | HBsAg positive cases (%) | Other tests (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | |||||||||||
1 | Asadollahi, 2019 [47] | DTC | Mean (SD): 48.2 (10.4) Range: 29–71 | – | – | – | – | – | 131 (UK) | 8a (6.1) | – | – | – |
2 | Gheibipour, 2019 [48] | DIC | Mean (SD): 36.7 (8.5) Range:18–65 | – | – | 77.6 | – | Tattoo: 62.1 | 606 (606,0) | 18 (2.9) | 18 (2.9) | – | – |
3 | Moradi, 2019 [49] | Incarcerated | – | 36.0 | – | NA | – | – | 697 (UK) | 19 (2.7) | – | – | – |
4 | Moradi, 2018 [50] | Incarcerated | – | 29.3 | – | NA | – | – | 678 (UK) | 17 (2.5) | – | – | – |
5 | Ziaee, 2016 [51] | Community | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 (UK) | 0 (0) | – | – | – |
6 | Kandelouei, 2013 [52] | DIC | 30–40 years: 34.6% | 25.0 | – | 68.3 | – | Tattoo:38.8 | 129 (128, 1) | 4 (3.1) | 4 (3.1) | 0 (0) | – |
7 | Moezzi, 2014 [53) | Community |  > 15 | – | – | – | – | – | 29 (UK) | 2 (6.8) | – | – | – |
8 | Nokhodian, 2014 [54] | Incarcerated | Mean (SD): 32.6 (8.1) | – | Injection in prison: 40.3 | NA | MSM:43.1 | – | 970 (970,0) | 32 (3.3) | 32 (3.3) | – | HBcAb: 127 (13.0); Isolated HBsAg: 120 (12.3) |
9 | Ramezani, 2014 [55] | DTC | Range: 17–58 | 54.0 | Unsafe injection in prison:25.0; First injection i N < 18: 24.0 | 73.0 | MSM: 9.0; With PWID: 14.0 | Tattoo: 78.0 | 100 (100,0) | 6 (6) | 6 (6) | – | HCV: 6 (6); HCV-HIV: 5 (5) |
10 | Mohammadkhani-Ghiasvand, 2016 [56] | DTC | – | – | – | – | – | – | 34 (UK) | 6 (17.6) | – | – | – |
11 | Alipour, 2013 [57] | DIC | Mean (SD): 33.0 (1.0) | 55.0 | – | – | – | – | 42 (0, 42) | 3 (7.3) | – | 3 (7.3) | – |
12 | Alipour, 2013 [57] | DIC | Mean (SD): 37.0 (1.1) | 39.1 | – | – | – | – | 226(226,0) | 8 (3.6) | 8 (3.6) | – | – |
13 | Momen-Heravi, 2013 [58] | Mixed | Mean (SD): 34.9 (9.7) | 11.0 | – | 76.7 | MSM: 20.7; Extramarital: 20.3 | Tattoo: 41.0; Cupping: 24.7 | 300 (288, 12) | 2 (0.7) | 2 (0.66) | 0 (0) | – |
14 | Teimori, 2011 [59] | DTC | Mean: 35.2 Range: 20–54 | – | – | – | – | – | 10 (0,10) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | – |
15 | Khosravani, 2012 [60] | Mixed | – | – | – | – | – | – | 158 (157, 1) | 5 (3.2)b | 5 (3.2)b | 0 (0)b | – |
16 | Ziaee, 2014 [61] | Incarcerated | – | – | – | NA | – | – | 59 (UK) | 5 (8.9) | – | – | – |
17 | Khodadoostan, 2014 [62] | Community | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1588 (UK) | 67 (4.2) | – | – | – |
18 | Nokhodian, 2012 [63] | Incarcerated | – | – | – | NA | – | – | 5 (0, 5) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | HBcAb: 2 (40); HBsAb: 2 (40) |
19 | Sofian, 2012 [64] | Incarcerated | Mean (SD): 30.7 (5.9) | – | – | NA | – | – | 153 (153,0) | 11 (7.2) | 11 (7.2) | – | HCV: 9(5.9) HIV: 13(2.0) HCV-HIV: 2(1.3) |
20 | Khajedaluee, 2016 [65] | Incarcerated | – | – | – | NA | – | – | 111 (UK) | 6 (5.4) | – | – | – |
21 | Zamani, 2010 [66] | Community | Mean (SD): 29.0 (6.6) | 31.2 | – | 71.2 | MSM: 11.3 Exchanged for money or drug: 24.9 | Tattoo:55.8 | 117 (114, 3) | 2; Estimated RDS measure: 0.7 | – | – | – |
22 | Radfar, 2008 [67] | DTC | Mean (SD): 28.8 (6.2) | – | – | – | – | – | 40 (40,0) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (7.5) |  | – |
23 | Rahimi-Movaghar, 2010 [68] | Mixed | Mean (SD): 33.9 (9.4) | 76.6 | Unsafe injection in prison: 15.2; Any sharing in the L6M: 63.9 | 70.9 | Extramarital without protection in the L6M: 36.4 | – | 864 (827, 37) | 213 (24.7) | 385 (46.5)b | 13 (35.1)b | HCV: 181(21.0) HIV: 67(7.8) HCV-HIV: 56(6.5) |
24 | SeyedAlinaghi, 2010 [69] | Incarcerated | 25–34 years: 51.7% | 27.2 | Unsafe injection in prison: 6.2 | 74.3 | MSM: 5.0; With sex worker: 23.3 | Tattoo: 27.7 | 452 (452,0) | 26 (5.8) | 26 (5.8) | – | – |
25 | Mardani, 2009 [70] | Incarcerated | – | – | – | NA | – | – | 644 (UK) | 30 (4.7) | – | – | – |
26 | Taghizadeh Asl, 2013 [72] | Incarcerated | Mean (SD): 31.4 (8.2) | – | – | NA | – | – | 132 (132,0) | 25 (18.9) | 25 (18.9) |  | – |
27 | Imani, 2008 [74] | DTC | Mean (SD): 31.3 (7.1) | 19.6 | – | 35.3 | – | – | 133 (131, 2) | 8 (6.0) | 8 (6.1) | 0 (0) | – |
28 | Khodadadizadeh, 2006 [75] | DTC | – | – | – | – | – | – | 31 (31, 0) | 3 (9.7) | 3 (9.7) | – | – |
29 | Pourahmad, 2007 [76] | Incarcerated | – | 58.5 | – | NA | – | – | 401 (401,0) | 17 (4.0) | 17 (4.0) | – | – |
30 | Davoodian, 2009 [77] | Incarcerated | Mean (SD): 35.4 (8.4) | – | – | NA | – | – | 252 (252,0) | 12 (4.8) | 12 (4.8) | – | HCV: 7(2.8) HIV: 3(1.2); HCV-HIV: 3(1.2) |
31 | Tavakkoli, 2008 [78] | Mixed | 30–44 years: 61.4% | 62.0 | – | 74.5 | Homo/bi-sexual: 27.3 | Tattoo: 52.5 | 518 (464, 54) | 19 (3.7) | 17 (3.7) | 2 (3.7) | HBcAb: 317 (61.1); HbeAg: 12 (2.3) |
32 | Rowhani-Rahbar, 2004 [79] | Incarcerated | Mean: 32.8 | 48.5 | – | NA | Multiple partners: 40.6 | Tattoo: 57.4 | 101 (101,0) | 3 (2.9) | 3 (2.9) | – | – |
33 | Masaud, 1996 [80] | Incarcerated | Mean: 34.0 | – | – | NA | – | – | 88 (48, 40) | 5 (5.7) | 5 (10.4) | 0 (0) | HBeAg: 0 (0); HBeAb: 25 (28.5) |