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Table 4 HBV pooled prevalence across subgroups of PWID

From: Hepatitis B virus infection among people who use drugs in Iran: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trend analysis

Subgroup

PWID (N)

Studies (N)

Pooled HBV prevalence % (%95 CI)

I2 (%)

Recruitment setting

    

Treatment centre

479

7

7.1 (5.1–9.7)

0

Prisons

4740

14

4.7 (3.4–6.4)

79.0

Community

1743

4

4.5 (1.8–10.2)

37.4

Mixed settings

1840

4

4.3 (1.0–14.6)

96.6

Drop-in centres

1003

4

3.3 (2.3–4.6)

0

Definition of PWID

    

Lifetime

4193

8

3.4 (2.7–4.1)

16.6

Current

2670

10

4.9 (2.8–8.3)

89.2

Unknown

2942

15

5.7 (3.9–8.3)

78.6

Gender

    

Male

5621

20

5.1 (3.3–7.7)

92.9

Female

199

9

2.9 (0.04–17.2)

77.5

Age

    

Older

864

3

5.5 (4.1–7.4)

9.6

Youtha

206

3

1.4 (0.04–4.4)

0

Marital status

    

Marriedb

950

5

4.1 (0.08–18.0)

96.2

Never married

1422

5

3.9 (0.06–19.5)

97.0

Employment status

    

Employed

650

3

9.6 (1.3–44.4)

96.3

Unemployed

619

3

6.7 (0.05–49.7)

89.9

Current residence

    

Not homeless

969

2

14.6 (1.6–63.7)

98.6

Homeless

492

2

12.7 (1.2–63.0)

95.7

Lifetime history of imprisonment

    

No

610

6

1.8 (0.02–12.3)

91.1

Yesc

6269

20

5.2 (3.3–7.9)

92.3

Lifetime sharing needle and syringe

    

No

1718

7

2.9 (0.08–9.3)

95.1

Yes

1540

7

7.0 (2.4–18.3)

95.1

Lifetime sharing needle and syringe in prison

    

No

810

2

9.8 (0.5–70.2)

89.6

Yes

154

2

37.2 (17.1–63.1)

75.6

Ever MSM

    

No

601

3

2.1 (0.07–5.9)

67.5

Yes

173

3

1.1 (0.01–7.3)

42.5

Extramarital relationship

    

No

848

2

5.5 (0.01–76.0)

93.8

Yesd

316

2

10.8 (0.06–68.7)

88.2

Ever tattoo

    

No

502

4

1.7 (0.09–3.4)

0

Yes

624

4

2.9 (1.1–7.5)

66.2

Coinfection

    

HCV, HIV

1362

4

2.9 (1.2–6.5)

73.5

HCV

1362

4

7.0 (3.1–15.3)

89.5

HIV

1266

3

4.7 (1.8–11.6)

88.5

  1. aTwo studies defined youth under 25 years old and the other one under 30 years old
  2. bThree studies only married, two studies married, divorced or widowed
  3. cIncluding those studies recruiting samples from prisons
  4. dOne study defined as an extramarital relationship without protection in the last 6 months; the other defined as an ever extramarital relationship