How effective are electronic cigarettes for reducing respiratory and cardiovascular risk in smokers? A systematic review

Goniewicz, Maciej L.; Miller, Connor R.; Sutanto, Edward; Li, Dongmei

doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00440-w

Harm Reduction Journal

Table 1 Contrasting the odds of self-reported health outcomes between current e-cigarette users and current smokers in cross-sectional studies

From: How effective are electronic cigarettes for reducing respiratory and cardiovascular risk in smokers? A systematic review

Study information						Study results
References	Data source and study design	Analytic sample	Outcome	Covariates	Statistical modeling approach*	aOR (95% CI)
Respiratory
Hedman et al. [33]	OLIN and WSAS (2016) Cross-sectional	Age range: 20–75 years Total sample: n = 30,272 Exclusive vapers who were former smokers: n = 79	Respiratory symptoms	Sociodemographics OLIN or WSAS survey respondent	Composite smoking and vaping variable	0.58 (0.36–0.94)^†
Li et al. [34]	PATH W2 (2015) Cross-sectional	Age range: ≥ 18 years Total sample: n = 28,171 Exclusive vapers who were former smokers: n = 471	Wheezing	Sociodemographics Weight status Secondhand smoke Asthma Perceived health	Composite smoking and vaping variable	0.66 (0.50–0.87)^‡
Bhatta and Glantz [35]	PATH W1–W3 (2014–2016) Longitudinal	Age range: ≥ 18 years Total sample: n = 19,475 All vapers: n = 2059 (1.4%)^§	COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or asthma	Sociodemographics Weight status High blood pressure High cholesterol Diabetes mellitus	Separate smoking and vaping variables	0.58 (0.37–0.93)
Cardiovascular
Alzahrani et al (2018) [36]	NHIS (Pooled 2014 and 2016) Cross-sectional	Age range: ≥ 18 years Total sample: n = 69,905 All everyday vapers: n = 776 (5.3%)^§ All someday vapers: n = 1483 (9.2%)^§	History of MI	Sociodemographics Weight status High blood pressure High cholesterol Diabetes mellitus	Separate smoking and vaping variables	1.12 (0.72–1.76)^\|\| 0.83 (0.53–1.31)^¶
Farsalinos et al. [37]	NHIS (Pooled 2016 and 2017) Cross-sectional	Age range: ≥ 18 years Total sample: n = 59,770 All everyday vapers: n = 714 (9.1%)^§ All someday vapers: n = 1009 (17.9%)^§	[A] History of MI [B] History of CHD	Sociodemographics Weight status High blood pressure High cholesterol Diabetes mellitus	Separate smoking and vaping variables	[A] 1.22 (0.70–2.10)^\|\| [A] 1.39 (0.76–2.54)^¶ [B] 1.48 (0.83–2.64)^\|\| [B] 1.26(0.70–2.30)^¶
Parekh et al. [38]	BRFSS (Pooled 2016 and 2017) Cross-sectional	Age range: 18–44 years Total sample: n = 161,529 Exclusive vapers who were former smokers: n = 13,318	History of stroke	Sociodemographics Weight status Physical activity Binge drinking Diabetes mellitus	Composite smoking and vaping variable	1.60 (0.69–3.71)^‡

aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CHD coronary heart disease, MI myocardial infarction, BRFSS Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, NHIS National Health Interview Survey, OLIN Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Study, WSAS West Sweden Asthma Study, PATH Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, W1 Wave 1, W2 Wave 2, W3 Wave 3
^*For composite smoking and vaping variable, exclusive vapers only include former smokers
^†Exclusive smokers only include never vapers
^‡Exclusive smokers may include never or former vapers
^§Weighted percent of current vapers who are never smokers
^||Everyday vapers vs. everyday smokers
^¶Someday vapers vs. someday smokers

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ISSN: 1477-7517

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