Skip to main content

Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios for serious psychological distress according to heaviness of cigarette smoking, stratified by gender and age

From: Association between heaviness of cigarette smoking and serious psychological distress is stronger in women than in men: a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in Japan

Heaviness of cigarette smoking

Young: aged 20–44 years

Middle: aged 45–64 years

Old: aged ≥ 65 years

n

SPD %

ORa (95% CI)

n

SPD %

ORa (95% CI)

n

SPD %

ORa (95% CI)

Men (n = 33,925)

 Never-smokers

6795

5.3

1.00

6355

2.8

1.00

6404

2.0

1.00

 Ex-smokers

907

4.9

1.05 (0.75–1.46)

1080

3.4

1.26 (0.87–1.82)

781

2.7

1.39 (0.87–2.23)

 Current light smokers

1573

4.3

0.85 (0.65–1.11)

941

3.1

0.98 (0.65–1.46)

615

3.1

1.40 (0.85–2.30)

 Current moderate smokers

2720

4.4

0.85 (0.69–1.07)

2517

2.7

0.86 (0.64–1.15)

841

2.1

0.94 (0.56–1.58)

 Current heavy smokers

856

7.0

1.37 (1.02–1.85)*

1233

3.7

1.22 (0.87–1.72)

307

2.6

1.25 (0.60–2.62)

   

P for trend = 0.933

  

P for trend = 0.978

  

P for trend = 0.482

Women (n = 37,257)

         

 Never-smokers

11,051

5.7

1.00

11,087

3.5

1.00

10,208

2.8

1.00

 Ex-smokers

531

5.3

0.89 (0.60–1.32)

258

7.0

1.75 (1.06–2.88)*

110

5.5

1.80 (0.78–4.18)

 Current light smokers

925

9.1

1.47 (1.15–1.88)*

610

5.6

1.35 (0.93–1.95)

247

4.5

1.53 (0.82–2.85)

 Current moderate smokers

886

9.6

1.50 (1.16–1.93)*

777

7.1

1.64 (1.21–2.22)*

185

7.0

2.54 (1.41–4.57)*

 Current heavy smokers

165

13.3

1.88 (1.17–3.02)*

188

9.6

2.03 (1.21–3.39)*

29

6.9

2.68 (0.63–11.47)

   

P for trend < 0.001

  

P for trend < 0.001

  

P for trend < 0.001

  1. Light means 1–10 cigarettes per day. Moderate means 11–20 cigarettes per day. Heavy means ≥ 21 cigarettes per day
  2. CI Confidence interval, OR Odds ratio, SPD Serious psychological distress
  3. *P < 0.05
  4. aAdjusted for age (5-years increase), family size, housing tenure, marital status, education, equivalent household expenditures, employment contract, and chronic medical conditions