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Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics between the sample groups

From: Evaluation of functional status among patients undergoing maintenance treatments for opioid use disorders

Variables

Methadone (N = 329)

Buprenorphine (N = 264)

p value

Sex (%)

 Men

86.3

81.8

0.083

Age [mean ± SD]

 Years

47.8 ± 7.9

45.7 ± 8.4

0.002a

Educational attainment (%)

 None

1.50

0.4

0.019

 Elementary

68.3

62.4

 

 Secondary

27.4

29.7

 

 University

2.7

7.6

 

Occupation (%)

 Employed

59.9

73.9

< 0.001

Driving license (%)

56.1

71.6

< 0.001

Cohabiting (%)

 Alone

17.9

17.4

0.157

 With family

74.5

76.5

 

 With friends

2.1

3.8

 

 Other

5.5

2.3

 

Age onset opioid use [mean ± SD] Years

21.6 ± 7.0

23.9 ± 9.6

0.001a

I.v. opioid (%)

5.2

6.8

< 0.001

Seroprevalence (%)

 HBV

18.6

9.8

0.005

 HCV

43.3

25.1

< 0.001

 VIH

13.9

3.9

< 0.001

 TB

2.2

2.0

0.629

 Syphilis

0.6

Previous maintenance program (%)

59.3

74.2

< 0.001

Length maintenance program (%)

 Less than a year

14.7

32.0

< 0.001

 Between 1 and 3 years

25.0

45.3

 

 More than 3 years

60.3

22.7

 

Daily opioid dosage (mg)

 Lowb

37.5

24.6

0.002

 Moderatec

48.4

63.4

 

 Highd

14.2

12.1

 

Substances (in the last 30 days) (%)

 Heroin

2.5

3.5

0.308

 Heroin + cocaine

14.8

13.0

0.313

 Cocaine

12.9

10.3

0.207

 Nicotine

83.5

81.8

0.277

 Cannabis

33.5

30.4

0.238

 Alcohol

42.1

35.5

0.064

 Benzodiazepines

28.3

19

0.006

Substances (every day) (%)

 Heroin

0.3

0.4

0.693

 Heroin + cocaine

3.6

0.8

0.017

 Cocaine

3.0

1.9

0.270

 Nicotine

76.9

75

0.329

 Cannabis

16.7

19.7

0.203

 Alcohol

23.4

17.0

0.035

 Benzodiazepines

22.8

14.4

0.006

Current psychiatric medication (%)

 Benzodiazepines

41.6

36.4

0.111

 Antidepressants

21.3

22.0

0.458

 Antipsychotics

6.4

9.5

0.107

 Anticonvulsants

7.9

6.4

0.302

 Others

5.8

4.5

0.317

  1. I.v. = Intravenous administration of opioids; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; HBV = hepatitis B virus; HCV = hepatitis C virus; TB = tuberculosis
  2. ap value from Student’s t test
  3. bLow doses: methadone (2.5–27.50 mg), buprenorphine (1–3 mg)
  4. cModerate doses: methadone (30–75 mg), buprenorphine (4–8 mg)
  5. dHigh doses: methadone (80–160 mg), buprenorphine (10–24 mg). p values were calculated with Fisher’s exact test or chi-squared test