From: HIV incidence and associated risk factors in female spouses of men who inject drugs in Pakistan
Characteristic | Cumulative incidence Number (%) | Incidence density per 100 person years (95% CI) | Unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | N = 109/3478 (3.1) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | ||||
Province | ||||||
Sindh | 28/1213 (2.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | 1.0 (Reference) | – |
Punjab | 80/2197 (3.6) | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 1.74 (1.13–2.67) | 0.012 | 1.73 (1.13–2.68) | 0.012 |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 0/38 (0) | – | – | – | – | – |
Balochistan | 1/30 (3.3) | 1.5 (0.2–10.3) | 1.44 (0.20–10.6) | 0.978 | 0.98 (0.13–7.2) | 0.983 |
Age group (tertiles) | ||||||
≥ 36 years | 26/1168 (2.3) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | ||
30–35 years | 37/1122 (3.3) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 1.55 (0.94–2.26) | 0.086 | ||
< 30 years | 46/1188 (3.9) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 1.79 (1.10–2.92) | 0.019 | ||
Age at first marriage (tertiles) | ||||||
10–17 years | 40/1220 (3.3) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | ||
18–20 years | 37/1373 (2.7) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.86 (0.55–1.34) | 0.505 | ||
≥ 21 years | 32/885 (3.6) | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) | 1.25 (0.79–2.00) | 0.341 | ||
Childrena | ||||||
None | 15/322 (4.7) | 2.5 (1.5–4.2) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | 1.0 (Reference) | – |
1–2 children | 41/1273 (3.2) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 0.61 (0.34–1.10) | 0.100 | 0.60 (0.33–1.09) | 0.095 |
3–4 children | 36/1214 (3.0) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 0.56 (0.31–1.02) | 0.060 | 0.55 (0.30–1.00) | 0.053 |
≥ 5 children | 17/669 (2.5) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.45 (0.22–0.90) | 0.024 | 0.44 (0.22–0.88) | 0.022 |
Educationa | ||||||
None | 71/2441 (2.9) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | 1.0 (Reference) | – |
1–5 years | 29/516 (5.6) | 2.7 (1.9–3.8) | 1.92 (1.25–2.96) | 0.003 | 1.89 (1.22–2.93) | 0.004 |
6–10 years | 7/350 (2.0) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 0.74 (0.34–1.61) | 0.451 | 0.86 (0.39–1.89) | 0.707 |
High school graduate | 2/171 (1.2) | 0.6 (0.1–2.3) | 0.43 (0.11–1.76) | 0.241 | 0.54 (0.13–2.25) | 0.399 |
Source of incomea | ||||||
None | 48/1354 (3.6) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | ||
Textiles | 50/1787 (2.8) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 0.331 | ||
House main/cleaner | 6/155 (3.9) | 1.6 (0.7–3.6) | 0.98 (0.42–2.30) | 0.967 | ||
Beautician | 3/41 (7.3) | 3.4 (1.1–10.6) | 2.00 (0.62–6.41) | 0.246 | ||
Other | 2/141 (1.4) | 0.7 (0.2–2.7) | 0.41 (0.10–1.67) | 0.212 | ||
Ever surgical procedurea | ||||||
No | 93/2915 (3.2) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | ||
Yes | 16/563 (2.8) | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 0.89 (0.52–1.52) | 0.673 | ||
Ever STI treatmenta | ||||||
No | 108/3318 (3.3) | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | ||
Yes | 1/160 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.04–2.0) | 0.18 (0.02–1.27) | 0.086 | ||
Condom used at last sexual intercoursea | ||||||
No | 97/2981 (3.3) | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | ||
Yes | 12/497 (2.4) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 0.76 (0.41–1.38 | 0.360 | ||
Ever injected drugsa | ||||||
No | 108/3463 (3.1) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | ||
Yes | 1/15 (6.7) | 3.0 (0.4–20.9) | 1.96 (0.27–14.0) | 0.505 | ||
Heard about HIVa | ||||||
No | 99/2902 (3.4) | 1.7 (1.4–2.0) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | 1.0 (Reference) | – |
Yes | 10/576 (1.7) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.48 (0.25–0.92) | 0.026 | 0.51 (0.26–0.99) | 0.047 |
Male spouse average condoms received per annum (tertiles) | ||||||
< 4 | 27/1109 (2.4) | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | ||
5–15 | 36/1113 (3.2) | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) | 1.21 (0.73–1.99) | 0.460 | ||
> 15 | 46/1256 (3.7) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 1.10 (0.68–1.77) | 0.703 | ||
Male spouse initiated ARTb | ||||||
No | 82/1704 (4.8) | 2.7 (2.1–3.3) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | – | |
Yes | 27/1774 (1.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.24 (0.15–0.37) | < 0.001 | 0.25 (0.16–0.38) | < 0.001 |