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Table 2 Cumulative incidence, incidence rate per 100 person years, and unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios among female spouses of male HIV-positive PWID by demographic characteristics, HIV risk behaviour and knowledge

From: HIV incidence and associated risk factors in female spouses of men who inject drugs in Pakistan

Characteristic

Cumulative incidence

Number (%)

Incidence density per 100 person years (95% CI)

Unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)

p value

Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)

p value

Total

N = 109/3478 (3.1)

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

    

Province

Sindh

28/1213 (2.3)

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

Punjab

80/2197 (3.6)

1.8 (1.4–2.2)

1.74 (1.13–2.67)

0.012

1.73 (1.13–2.68)

0.012

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

0/38 (0)

Balochistan

1/30 (3.3)

1.5 (0.2–10.3)

1.44 (0.20–10.6)

0.978

0.98 (0.13–7.2)

0.983

Age group (tertiles)

≥ 36 years

26/1168 (2.3)

1.1 (0.7–1.5)

1.0 (Reference)

  

30–35 years

37/1122 (3.3)

1.6 (1.2–2.2)

1.55 (0.94–2.26)

0.086

  

< 30 years

46/1188 (3.9)

1.9 (1.4–2.5)

1.79 (1.10–2.92)

0.019

  

Age at first marriage (tertiles)

10–17 years

40/1220 (3.3)

1.5 (1.1–2.0)

1.0 (Reference)

  

18–20 years

37/1373 (2.7)

1.3 (0.9–1.8)

0.86 (0.55–1.34)

0.505

  

≥ 21 years

32/885 (3.6)

1.9 (1.3–2.7)

1.25 (0.79–2.00)

0.341

  

Childrena

None

15/322 (4.7)

2.5 (1.5–4.2)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1–2 children

41/1273 (3.2)

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

0.61 (0.34–1.10)

0.100

0.60 (0.33–1.09)

0.095

3–4 children

36/1214 (3.0)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

0.56 (0.31–1.02)

0.060

0.55 (0.30–1.00)

0.053

≥ 5 children

17/669 (2.5)

1.1 (0.7–1.8)

0.45 (0.22–0.90)

0.024

0.44 (0.22–0.88)

0.022

Educationa

None

71/2441 (2.9)

1.4 (1.1–1.7)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

1–5 years

29/516 (5.6)

2.7 (1.9–3.8)

1.92 (1.25–2.96)

0.003

1.89 (1.22–2.93)

0.004

6–10 years

7/350 (2.0)

1.0 (0.5–2.1)

0.74 (0.34–1.61)

0.451

0.86 (0.39–1.89)

0.707

High school graduate

2/171 (1.2)

0.6 (0.1–2.3)

0.43 (0.11–1.76)

0.241

0.54 (0.13–2.25)

0.399

Source of incomea

None

48/1354 (3.6)

1.7 (1.3–2.2)

1.0 (Reference)

  

Textiles

50/1787 (2.8)

1.4 (1.0–1.8)

0.82 (0.55–1.22)

0.331

  

House main/cleaner

6/155 (3.9)

1.6 (0.7–3.6)

0.98 (0.42–2.30)

0.967

  

Beautician

3/41 (7.3)

3.4 (1.1–10.6)

2.00 (0.62–6.41)

0.246

  

Other

2/141 (1.4)

0.7 (0.2–2.7)

0.41 (0.10–1.67)

0.212

  

Ever surgical procedurea

No

93/2915 (3.2)

1.5 (1.2–1.9)

1.0 (Reference)

  

Yes

16/563 (2.8)

1.4 (0.8–2.2)

0.89 (0.52–1.52)

0.673

  

Ever STI treatmenta

No

108/3318 (3.3)

1.6 (1.3–1.9)

1.0 (Reference)

  

Yes

1/160 (0.6)

0.3 (0.04–2.0)

0.18 (0.02–1.27)

0.086

  

Condom used at last sexual intercoursea

No

97/2981 (3.3)

1.6 (1.3–1.9)

1.0 (Reference)

  

Yes

12/497 (2.4)

1.2 (0.7–2.1)

0.76 (0.41–1.38

0.360

  

Ever injected drugsa

No

108/3463 (3.1)

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

1.0 (Reference)

  

Yes

1/15 (6.7)

3.0 (0.4–20.9)

1.96 (0.27–14.0)

0.505

  

Heard about HIVa

No

99/2902 (3.4)

1.7 (1.4–2.0)

1.0 (Reference)

1.0 (Reference)

Yes

10/576 (1.7)

0.8 (0.4–1.5)

0.48 (0.25–0.92)

0.026

0.51 (0.26–0.99)

0.047

Male spouse average condoms received per annum (tertiles)

< 4

27/1109 (2.4)

1.4 (0.9–2.0)

1.0 (Reference)

  

5–15

36/1113 (3.2)

1.6 (1.2–2.3)

1.21 (0.73–1.99)

0.460

  

> 15

46/1256 (3.7)

1.5 (1.1–2.0)

1.10 (0.68–1.77)

0.703

  

Male spouse initiated ARTb

No

82/1704 (4.8)

2.7 (2.1–3.3)

1.0 (Reference)

 

1.0 (Reference)

Yes

27/1774 (1.5)

0.6 (0.4–0.9)

0.24 (0.15–0.37)

 < 0.001

0.25 (0.16–0.38)

 < 0.001

  1. STI Sexually transmissible infection, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, ART antiretroviral therapy
  2. aAt baseline
  3. bPrior to censorship