All | Main drug injected | p value Amphetamine/Heroin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amphetamine | Heroin | Other drug | |||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Total | 232 (100) | 144 (62.1) | 65 (28.0) | 23 (9.9) | |
Gender (n = 232) | |||||
Men | 177 (76.3) | 107 (74.3) | 49 (75.4) | 21 (91.3) | 1.0 |
Women | 55 (23.7) | 37 (25.7) | 16 (24.6) | 2 (8.7)) | |
Age (n = 232) | |||||
< 35 | 70 (30.2) | 31 (21.5) | 29 (44.6) | 10 (43.5) | < 0.001 |
> 35 | 162 (69.8) | 113 (78.5) | 36 (55.4) | 13 (56.5) | |
Housing (n = 232) | |||||
Stable | 92 (39.7) | 54 (37.5) | 29 (44.6) | 9 (39.1) | 0.36 |
Irregular | 75 (32.3) | 50 (34.7) | 17 (26.2) | 8 (34.8) | 0.26 |
Homeless | 65 (28.0) | 40 (27.8) | 19 (29.2) | 6 (26.1) | 0.87 |
Education (n = 232) | |||||
Not finished elementary (< 9 years) | 29 (12.5) | 17 (11.8) | 9 (13.8) | 3 (13.0) | 0.66 |
Full elementary (9 years) | 84 (36.2) | 52 (36.1) | 20 (30.8) | 12 (52.2) | 0.53 |
Upper secondary | 92 (39.7) | 61 (42.4) | 25 (38.5) | 6 (26.1) | 0.65 |
University | 27 (11.6) | 14 (9.7) | 11 (16.9) | 2 (8.7)) | 0.17 |
Perceived COVID-19 transmission routes (n = 232) | |||||
Injection paraphernalia | 114 (49.1) | 67 (46.5) | 41 (63.1) | 6 (26.1) | < 0.05 |
Inhalation paraphernalia | 170 (73.3) | 106 (73.6) | 54 (83.1) | 10 (43.5) | 0.16 |
Drug solution | 100 (43.1) | 54 (37.5) | 39 (60.0) | 7 (30.4) | < 0.01 |
Cigarette | 167 (72.0) | 104 (72.2) | 52 (80.0) | 11 (47.8) | 0.30 |
Through contact surfaces | 190 (81.9) | 119 (82.6) | 58 (89.2) | 13 (56.5) | 0.30 |
Through droplet | 215 (92.7) | 134 (93.1) | 64 (98.5) | 17 (73.9) | 0.18 |
Living together | 170 (73.3) | 107 (74.3) | 51 (78.5) | 12 (52.2) | 0.60 |
Perceived effective protective measures (n = 232) | |||||
Social distance | 175 (75.4) | 107 (74.3) | 52 (80.0) | 16 (69.6) | 0.48 |
Hygiene routines | 203 (87.5) | 125 (86.8) | 57 (87.7) | 21 (91.3) | 1.0 |
Face mask | 118 (50.9) | 75 (52.1) | 34 (52.3) | 9 (39.1) | 1.0 |
COVID-19 vaccination | 103 (44.4) | 67 (46.5) | 30 (46.2) | 6 (26.1) | 1.0 |
Treatment for COVID-19 | 116 (50.0) | 76 (52.8) | 35 (53.8) | 5 (21.7) | 1.0 |
Illicit drugs | 71 (30.6) | 54 (37.5) | 15 (23.1) | 2 (8.7) | 0.06 |
Other | 19 (8.2) | 13 (9.0) | 4 (6.2) | 2 (8.7) | 0.80 |
Knowledge of medical risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection (n = 217) | |||||
Yes | 142 (65.4) | 87 (64.4) | 38 (62.3) | 16 (80.0) | 0.87 |
No | 75 (34.6) | 48 (35.6) | 23 (37.7) | 4 (20.0) | |
Reported personal risk factors (n = 232) | |||||
None | 33 (14.2) | 19 (13.2) | 8 (12.3) | 6 (26.1) | 1.0 |
COPD | 11 (4.7) | 9 (6.3) | 2 (3.1) | 0 | 0.51 |
Age | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
High blood presure | 37 (15.9) | 29 (20.1) | 6 (9.2) | 2 (8.7) | 0.07 |
Diabetes mellitus | 10 (4.3) | 7 (4.9) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (8.7) | 0.44 |
Obesity | 18 (7.8) | 12 (8.3) | 4 (6.2) | 2 (8.7) | 0.78 |
Smoking | 180 (77.6) | 111 (77.1) | 55 (84.6) | 14 (60.9) | 0.20 |
Immunodeficiency | 12 (5.2) | 8 (5.6) | 1 (1.5) | 3 (13.0) | 0.28 |
Fear of contracting COVID-19 (n = 231) | |||||
Yes | 57 (24.7) | 36 (25.2) | 14 (21.5) | 7 (30.4) | 0.60 |
No | 174 (75.3) | 107 (74.8) | 51 (78.5) | 16 (69.6) | |
Self-reported COVID-19 infection (n = 231) | |||||
Yes, confirmed | 7 (3.0) | 7 (4.9) | 0 | 0 | 0.10 |
Yes, suspected | 58 (25.1) | 39 (27.3) | 15 (23.1) | 4 (17.4) | 0.61 |
No | 132 (57.1) | 75 (52.4) | 44 (61.7) | 13 (56.5) | < 0.05 |
Don’t know | 34 (14.7) | 22 (15.4) | 6 (9.2) | 6 (26.1) | 0.28 |
Behavioral change if confirmed/suspected COVID-19 (n = 65) | |||||
Social distance | 27 (41.5) | 20 (43.5) | 5 (33.3) | 2 (50.0) | 0.56 |
Home isolation | 25 (38.5) | 20 (43.5) | 5 (33.3) | 0 | 0.56 |
Admitted to hospital | 3 (4.6) | 3 (6.5) | 0 | 0 | 0.57 |
No change | 25 (38.5) | 17 (37.0) | 7 (46.7) | 1 (25.0) | 0.55 |
SARS CoV-2 Ab (n = 227) | |||||
Positive | 15 (6.6) | 14 (9.9) | 1 (1.6) | 0 | < 0.05 |
Negative | 207 (89.2) | 123 (87.2) | 63 (98.4) | 21 (95.5) | |
N/A | 5 (2.2) | 4 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.5) | – |
Change of injected drug (n = 231) | |||||
Yes | 30 (13.0) | 12 (8.4) | 13 (20.0) | 18 (78.3) | < 0.05 |
No | 201 (87.0) | 131 (91.6) | 52 (80.0) | 5 (21.7) | |
Aquired drugs through alternative sources (n = 229) | |||||
No change | 174 (76.0) | 118 (83.7) | 39 (60.0) | 17 (73.9) | < 0.001 |
Used other suppliers | 29 (12.7) | 8 (5.7) | 19 (29.2) | 2 (8.7) | < 0.0001 |
Stopped using illicit drugs | 11 (4.8) | 4 (2.8) | 7 (10.8) | 0 | < 0.05 |
Change in NEP visit frequency (n = 223) | |||||
No change | 149 (66.8) | 90 (63.4) | 42 (70.0) | 17 (81.0) | 0.42 |
More frequent | 8 (3.6) | 5 (3.5) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (4.8) | 1.0 |
Less frequent | 66 (29.6) | 47 (33.1) | 16 (26.7) | 3 (14.3) | 0.41 |
Increased sharing of needle/syringe (n = 232) | |||||
Yes | 11 (4.7) | 6 (4.2) | 4 (6.2) | 1 (4.3) | 0.51 |
No | 221 (95.3) | 138 (95.8) | 61 (93.8) | 22 (95.7) | |
Shared needle/syringe during the past month (n = 231) | |||||
Yes | 34 (14.7) | 24 (16.7) | 8 (12.3) | 3 (13.3) | 0.53 |
No | 197 (85.3) | 120 (83.3) | 57 (87.7) | 20 (86.7) | |
Increased sharing of paraphernalia (n = 229) | |||||
Yes | 14 (6.1) | 10 (7.0) | 4 (6.2) | 0 | 1.0 |
No | 215 (93.9) | 133 (93.0) | 61 (93.8) | 21 (100) | |
Shared paraphernalia during the past month (n = 229) | |||||
Yes | 64 (27.9) | 44 (30.8) | 17 (26.2) | 5 (21.7) | 0.62 |
No | 165 (72.1) | 99 (69.2) | 48 (73.8) | 18 (78.3) | |
Healthcare avoidance (n = 232) | |||||
Yes | 34 (14.7) | 17 (11.8) | 11 (16.9) | 6 (26.1) | 0.38 |
No | 198 (85.3) | 127 (88.2) | 54 (83.1) | 17 (73.9) | |
Had enough needles/syringes and other paraphernalia (n = 231) | |||||
Yes | 197 (85.3) | 123 (85.4) | 56 (87.5) | 18 (78.3) | 0.83 |
No | 34 (14.7) | 21 (14.6) | 8 (12.5) | 5 (21.7) | |
Aquired needles/syringes through alternative sources (n = 232) | |||||
Yes | 45 (19.4) | 27 (18.7) | 12 (18.5) | 6 (26.1) | 1.0 |
No | 187 (80.6) | 117 (81.3) | 53 (81.5) | 17 (73.9) | |
Experienced/heard that number of overdoses increased (n = 229) | |||||
Yes | 42 (18.3) | 25 (17.6) | 15 (23.1) | 2 (9.1) | 0.35 |
No | 161 (70.3) | 103 (72.5) | 39 (60.0) | 19 (86.4) | 0.08 |
Don’t know | 26 (11.3) | 14 (9.9) | 11 (16.9) | 1 (4.5) | 0.17 |
OAT (n = 232) | |||||
Yes | 54 (23.3) | 19 (13.2) | 28 (43.1) | 7 (30.4) | < 0.0001 |
No | 178 (76.7) | 125 (86.8) | 37 (56.9) | 16 (69.6) | |
Modified OAT provision (n = 54) | |||||
Yes | 35 (64.8) | 15/19 (78.9) | 14/28 (50.0) | 6/7 (85.7) | 0.07 |
No | 19 (35.2) | 4/19 (21.1) | 14/28 (50.0) | 1/7 (14.3) |