Variables | Whole sample (n = 1379) | BZD prescription | |
---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 293) | No (n = 1,086) | ||
Socio-demographics | |||
Agea | 33.1 (10.4) | 35.4 (9.8) | 32.5 (10.5) |
Region of originb,c | |||
Asia | 1.2 (17) | 0.7 (2) | 1.4 (15) |
Eastern Europe/Balkans | 11.6 (160) | 8.9 (26) | 12.3 (134) |
Eastern, Central, and South Africa | 4.1 (57) | 1.4 (4) | 4.9 (53) |
Latin America | 1.7 (23) | 1.7 (5) | 1.7 (18) |
Middle East | 6.7 (93) | 4.8 (14) | 7.3 (79) |
North Africa | 19.2 (265) | 21.8 (64) | 18.5 (201) |
Switzerland | 24.4 (337) | 37.2 (109) | 21.0 (228) |
Western Africa | 12.0 (166) | 3.1 (9) | 14.5 (157) |
Western Europe | 7.0 (96) | 6.8 (20) | 7.0 (76) |
Unknown/unverified | 12.0 (165) | 13.7 (40) | 11.5 (125) |
Prison variables | |||
Length of incarceration (days)a | 125.1 (177.4) | 157.3 (171.6) | 116.4 (178.1) |
Type of offensec | |||
Violenceb | 13.1 (180) | 15.4 (45) | 12.4 (135) |
Propertyb | 38.7 (533) | 54.6 (160) | 34.4 (373) |
Substanceb | 19.4 (267) | 25.3 (74) | 17.8 (193) |
Otherb | 60.0 (827) | 51.2 (150) | 62.3 (677) |
Medical information | |||
Benzodiazepine | |||
Prescriptionb | 21.3 (293) | – | – |
Duration (no. of days)a,d | 91.5 (7.0) | – | – |
Mean daily dosage (mg/Diazepam equivalent)a,d | 24.0 (25.0) | – | – |
Prescription of other psychotropic medications | |||
Anyb | 25.0 (345) | 68.3 (200) | 13.4 (145) |
Antidepressantb | 11.8 (163) | 34.5 (101) | 5.7 (62) |
Antipsychoticb | 15.7 (217) | 43.3 (127) | 8.3 (90) |
Methylphenidateb | 2.9 (27) | 7.2 (21) | 0.6 (6) |
Mood stabilizersb | 1.5 (21) | 3.8 (11) | 0.9 (10) |
Opioid antagonistb | 4.9 (68) | 16.0 (47) | 1.9 (21) |
Otherb | 0.9 (13) | 3.1 (9) | 0.4 (4) |
Any medication for somatic diseaseb | 32.4 (447) | 56.3 (165) | 26.0 (282) |
Punishable behaviors (outcomes) | |||
Physical and verbal aggressionb | 5.9 (81) | 8.5 (25) | 5.2 (56) |
Disinhibited but not directly aggressive behaviorb | 4.7 (65) | 7.9 (23) | 3.9 (42) |
Property damage or theftb | 2.8 (38) | 3.8 (11) | 2.5 (27) |
Substance-related offensesb | 11.7 (161) | 19.1 (56) | 9.7 (105) |
Rule transgressionb | 23.4 (323) | 31.7 (93) | 21.2 (230) |