Table 2 Descriptive analysis based on 9 key domains [59] (n = 39)

1. Petry et al.

2000

+

75

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable

Individual

2. Petry et al.

2001

+

50

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable

Individual

3. Petry et al.

2002

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

4. Petry et al.

2004

+/−

50

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

5. Petry et al.

2005

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

6. Petry & Alessi et al.

2005

+/−

37.2

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

7. Petry & Martin et al.

2005

+/−

50

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

8. Peirce et al.

2006

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

9. Petry et al.

2006

+/−

45

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

10. Alessi et al.

2007

+/−

N/R^a; 50^b

Uncertain^a; Certain^b

X

X

Some^a;

All^b

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

11. Petry et al.

2007

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

12. Ghitza et al.

2007

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

13. Alessi et al.

2008

+/−

100; 50*

Certain

X

Some

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

14. Kirby et al.

2008

+/−

50

Uncertain

X

Some

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Group

15. Ledgerwood et al.

2008

+/−

100

Uncertain

X

Some

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

16. Preston et al.

2008

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

17. Lot et al.

2009

+/−

50

Certain

X

X

All

Delayed

Variable (E-R)

Individual

18. Olmstead et al.

2009

+/−

37.2

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

19. Walker et al.

2010

+/−

50¹;

100²

Certain¹;

Uncertain²

X

All¹;

Some²

Immediate¹ Delayed²

Variable (E-R)

Individual

20. Hser et al.

2011

+/−

50

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

21. Petry et al.

2011

+/−

100

Uncertain

X

X

Some

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

22. Branson et al.

2012

+

85

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable

Individual

23. Carroll et al.

2012

+

57.7

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable

Individual

24. Jiang et al.

2012

+

N/R

Uncertain

X

Some

Immediate

Variable

Individual

25. Killeen et al.

2012

+/−

60

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

26. Petry et al.

2012

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

27. Petry & Barry et al.

2012

+/−

50¹

100; 50*²

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

28. Chen et al.

2013

+/−

50

Certain

X

X

X

All

Delayed

Variable (E-R)

Individual

29. Hagedorn et al.

2013

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

30. McDonell et al.

2013

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

31. Petry et al.

2013

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

32. Roll et al.

2013

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

33. Alessi et al.

2014

+/−

100; 50*

Certain

X

Some

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

34. Ledgerwood et al.

2014

+/−

50

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

35. Petry et al.

2015

+/−

66; 33*¹

76; 50 *²

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

36. Cunningham et al.

2017

+/−

50

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

37. Kropp et al.

2017

+

N/R

Uncertain

X

X

Some

Delayed

Fixed

Individual

38. Petry et al.

2018

+/−

50

Certain

X

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual

39. Rash et al.

2018

+/−

60

Certain

X

All

Immediate

Variable (E-R)

Individual