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Table. 3 Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with EMS-calling among PWUD in Vancouver, British Columbia (n = 540)

From: A drug-related Good Samaritan Law and calling emergency medical services for drug overdoses in a Canadian setting

Characteristic

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

p value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

p value

Age

Per year older

1.02 (1.01–1.03)

0.004

1.02 (1.00–1.03)

0.090

White (vs. non-white)

1.02 (0.73–1.44)

0.897

1.09 (0.72–1.63)

0.690

Male (vs. non-male)

0.88 (0.61–1.27)

0.493

0.91 (0.58–1.42)

0.683

 < Secondary school education

0.91 (0.64–1.27)

0.570

0.85 (0.56–1.27)

0.424

DTES residencya

1.93 (1.36–2.74)

 < 0.001

1.96 (1.23–3.13)

0.005

Place of residencea

Homeless

0.80 (0.50–1.27)

0.347

0.71 (0.38–1.31)

0.278

Single room occupancy

0.81 (0.54–1.21)

0.310

0.51 (0.30–0.86)

0.013

Other (e.g., apartment, house, no fixed address)

Reference

 

Reference

–

Ever incarcerated

1.44 (0.89–2.36)

0.140

1.14 (0.63–2.06)

0.666

Ever had a negative police encounterb

1.00 (0.70–1.44)

0.979

0.93 (0.60–1.45)

0.764

Ever administered naloxonea

Did not administer

Reference

–

Reference

–

One or two times

1.60 (1.06–2.42)

0.026

1.50 (0.94–2.43)

0.093

Three or more

1.80 (1.09–3.01)

0.023

2.00 (1.08–3.74)

0.029

Witnessed a known person overdoseac

1.20 (0.85–1.69)

0.299

1.08 (0.71–1.65)

0.714

Ever experienced an overdosea

1.09 (0.75–1.59)

0.637

0.85 (0.54–1.34)

0.498

Involved in the sex tradead

1.18 (0.71–1.96)

0.520

1.19 (0.62–2.30)

0.605

Involved in drug dealinga

1.12 (0.76–1.64)

0.577

1.06 (0.64–1.76)

0.815

At least daily drug use

Injection drug use

1.28 (0.91–1.80)

0.156

1.02 (0.63–1.67)

0.925

Heroine

1.14 (0.80–1.61)

0.464

1.11 (0.67–1.82)

0.689

Stimulantsef

1.17 (0.82–1.66)

0.390

1.11 (0.71–1.75)

0.651

Cannabis

0.68 (0.47–0.98)

0.037

0.72 (0.46–1.12)

0.144

Post-enactment period

0.99 (0.71–1.39)

0.971

0.81 (0.52–1.25)

0.344

  1. DTES Downtown Eastside, EMS Emergency medical services, PWUD People who use drugs
  2. Reference category = Did not call EMS
  3. aDenotes behaviours and events in the past six months
  4. bPolice encounter refers to being stopped, searched or detained by the police
  5. cA known person includes a sex partner or a friend
  6. dSex trade refers to exchanged sex for gifts, food, shelter, clothes, or money
  7. eInjection or non-injection drug use
  8. fStimulants refer to powder or crack cocaine or crystal methamphetamine
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Harm Reduction Journal

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