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Table 2 Bivariate factors associated with non-fatal overdose (ever, last year) among RACK study participants, Massachusetts, 2017–2019 (n = 469)

From: Prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdose among people who use drugs: findings from rapid assessments in Massachusetts, 2017–2019

  

Ever experienced non-fatal opioid overdose

Last year non-fatal opioid overdose

Variables

Comparison

ORa (95% CIb)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Gender

Female vs male

1.02 (0.70–1.51)

0.904

1.04 (0.70–1.53)

0.857

Race

Hispanic vs NHc other

0.67 (0.29–1.56)

0.448

0.74 (0.33–1.7)

0.569

 

NH black vs NH other

0.50 (0.18–1.37)

0.111

0.74 (0.27–2.04)

0.689

 

NH white vs NH other

1.08 (0.48–2.41)

0.048

0.86 (0.40–1.88)

0.813

Age

30–45 years vs > 45 years

0.85 (0.53–1.36)

0.588

0.94 (0.59–1.48)

0.371

 

Less than 30 years vs > 45 years

0.76 (0.44–1.29)

 

0.70 (0.41–1.20)

 

Education

High school or more vs less than high school

1.01 (0.67–1.53)

0.955

0.84 (0.56–1.27)

0.416

Employment

Employed vs unemployed

1.10 (0.75–1.62)

0.622

1.12 (0.76–1.64)

0.574

Housing

Housed vs not housed

1.14 (0.76–1.71)

0.521

1.35 (0.91–2.01)

0.142

Insurance

Public vs other

2.07 (0.96–4.46)

0.063

1.84 (0.77–4.43)

0.172

Traded sex for money*

Yes vs no

1.70 (1.06–2.72)

0.028

1.46 (0.93–2.31)

0.104

Substance use in the last 30 days

Crack

Yes vs no

1.25 (0.86–1.83)

0.246

1.32 (0.90–1.93)

0.162

Cocaine

Yes vs no

1.04 (0.71–1.54)

0.832

1.34 (0.90–2.00)

0.148

Methadone

Yes vs no

1.35 (0.85–2.12)

0.201

0.68 (0.43–1.08)

0.104

Buprenorphine (Rxd)

Yes vs no

1.67 (1.08–2.59)

0.022

1.42 (0.94–2.16)

0.095

Buprenorphine (non-Rx)

Yes vs no

2.02 (1.02–3.97)

0.043

2.00 (1.11–3.62)

0.021

Amphetamines

Yes vs no

2.02 (0.93–4.37)

0.075

1.60 (0.82–3.12)

0.165

Benzodiazepine

Yes vs no

1.82 (1.17–2.84)

0.008

1.59 (1.05–2.40)

0.029

Fentanyl

Yes vs no

3.03 (2.03–4.52)

 < 0.001

2.28 (1.56–3.35)

 < 0.001

Heroin

Yes vs no

2.31 (1.56–3.41)

 < 0.001

2.78 (1.82–4.26)

 < 0.001

Marijuana

Yes vs no

0.60 (0.41–0.88)

0.009

0.75 (0.51–1.10)

0.147

Pain medication

Yes vs no

0.73 (0.44–1.22)

0.231

0.85 (0.50–1.45)

0.559

Route of substance use

Oral

Yes vs no

1.29 (0.86–1.94)

0.222

1.76 (1.18–2.62)

0.005

Smoke

Yes vs no

1.06 (0.72–1.55)

0.773

1.29 (0.88–1.90)

0.190

Snort

Yes vs no

0.55 (0.37–0.80)

0.002

0.72 (0.49–1.06)

0.093

Inject

Yes vs no

5.14 (3.43–7.70)

 < 0.001

3.26 (2.15–4.96)

 < 0.001

Snort or inject

Yes vs no

2.88 (1.67–4.99)

 < 0.001

2.73 (1.41–5.28)

0.003

Naloxone knowledge and access

Do you know what naloxone/Narcan is?

Yes vs no

2.00 (0.66–6.05)

0.22

1.98 (0.54–7.3)

0.304

Do you currently have naloxone/Narcan kit with you?

Yes vs no

1.91 (1.30–2.80)

0.001

1.41 (0.95–2.08)

0.091

Have you ever been trained to use naloxone/Narcan?

Yes vs no

1.89 (1.24–2.89)

0.003

1.27 (0.82–1.97)

0.282

Do you know where to get naloxone/Narcan?

Yes vs no

2.87 (1.56–5.30)

0.001

1.65 (0.85–3.21)

0.141

Around here, how easy would you say it is to get naloxone/Narcan to take home with you?

Easy/extremely easy vs neutral/difficult/extremely difficult

0.58 (0.34–1.00)

0.048

1.23 (0.72–2.10)

0.445

  1. *Variable not assessed in first site (Lowell) hence not included in multivariable analyses
  2. aOR: odds ratio
  3. bCI confidence interval
  4. cNH non-Hispanic
  5. dRx prescription
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