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Table 2 International outbreak details

From: Is your syringe services program cost-saving to society? A methodological case study

International outbreaks

Location

Outbreak year

Pre-outbreak case rates

Peak outbreak rate

Excess cases

Precipitating conditions

Athens, Greece

2011

10–20 HIV cases/year

525 cases over a 1-year period

505–515 cases

Economic recession; homelessness; low HIV prevention services

Bucharest, Romania

2011

5–12 HIV cases/year

308 cases/year

296–303 cases

Poverty; increase in synthetic drug use

Dublin, Ireland

2014

10–20 HIV cases/year

57 cases over 2-year period

37–47 cases

Economic recession; homelessness; increase in daily “snow blow” injections

Tel Aviv, Israel

2012

~ 40 HIV cases/year

73 cases over 1-year period

~ 33 cases

Homelessness; increase in synthetic cathinone use

Luxembourg

2013

< 4 HIV cases/year

68 cases over 4-year period

64 cases

Economic precariousness; homelessness; increase in cocaine use and decrease in heroin supply

Glasgow, Scotland

2015

~ 10 HIV cases/year

48 cases over a 1-year period

38 cases

Austerity; homelessness; increase in cocaine injecting

Southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

2016

< 1 HIV case/year

16 cases over 2-year period

15 cases

Poverty; homelessness; increase hydromorphone use