Table 2 Results of pre- and post-surveys used to assess attitudes, confidence, and competency

Attitudes towards narcan usage and overdose reversal

If someone overdoses, I want to be able to help them? (N = 381)

Mean = 4.90

(SD: 0.38)

Mean = 4.93

(SD: 0.25)

p = 0.0897

Everyone should learn how to use and carry naloxone (N = 380)

Mean = 4.34

(SD:0.75)

Mean = 4.64

(SD: 0.64)

p < 0.0001***

I will do whatever is necessary to save someone's life in an overdose situation (N = 380)

Mean = 4.66

(SD: 0.53)

Mean = 4.74

(SD: 0.47)

p = 0.0016**

Attitudes towards individuals with OUD

It is understandable why those who use drugs and experience withdrawal symptoms may use drugs daily (N = 376)

Mean = 4.44

(SD: 0.73)

Mean = 4.68

(SD: 0.57)

p < 0.0001***

We need to provide ways to keep people alive and minimize the harms associated w/ drug use to effectively deal w/ the opioid epidemic (N = 381)

Mean = 4.76

(SD: 0.46)

Mean = 4.85

(SD: 0.38)

p < 0.0001***

People often start using opiods, and find it hard to quit due to a lack of willpower and discipline (N = 379)

Mean = 2.25

(SD: 1.12)

Mean = 2.07

(SD: 1.24)

p = 0.0341*

It is understandable that many people are not ready, willing, or able to get treatment for substance use disorder (N = 379)

Mean: 4.23

(SD: 0.76)

Mean = 4.55

(SD: 0.65)

p < 0.0001***

My attitudes toward people who use drugs, and how I think and talk about them, has nothing to do w/ their ability to seek or receive help (N = 368)

Mean: 3.43

(SD: 1.24)

Mean: 3.50

(SD: 1.48)

p = 0.3581

Self-confidence in using naloxone and handling overdose

I would be afraid of doing something wrong in an overdose situation (N = 374)

Mean = 3.61

(SD: 1.11)

Mean = 2.52

(SD:1.11)

p < 0.0001***

If I saw an overdose, I would panic and not be able to help (N = 379)

Mean = 2.20

(SD: 0.87)

Mean = 1.74

(SD: 0.72)

p < 0.0001***

I would be able to deal effectively with an overdose (N = 381)

Mean = 3.43

(SD: 0.96)

Mean = 4.15

(SD: 0.80)

p < 0.0001***

Knowledge/competency in using narcan and handling overdose

Percent (%) correct

Mean = 43%

(SD: 15.58)

Mean = 94%

(SD: 14.69)

p < 0.0001***