Table 1 Coding tree with examples of child codes
From: Gambling treatment service providers’ views about contingency management: a thematic analysis
Group of codes | Root codes | Child codes examples |
|---|---|---|
Participant approach and overall view of CM | Models applied to gambling | |
Overall view of CM | ||
Past experience of CM or similar | ||
Cost and cost effectiveness | Cost is a potential barrier | |
CM affordable | ||
Gambling industry money | ||
I don’t know how effective CM is | ||
Ideas for funding sources | ||
It’s not my role to say | ||
Labour intensive/time consuming | ||
Probity | ||
Moral or ethical issues | Clients should be doing this anyway | |
Ethical concerns | Some rewards could be harmful | |
Privacy and bank statements | ||
Not freely entering treatment | ||
Some rewards could be harmful | ||
Withholding reward if client relies on it | ||
Incentives are or are not a bribe | ||
It’s not about right and wrong | ||
Conceptual and theoretical issues | Could CM be disempowering? | |
Do gamblers need additional rewards? | ||
Motivation | ||
Rules | ||
Schedule of reinforcement | ||
Therapeutic relationship affected | ||
Would CM reinforce gambling? | CM could reinforce similar patterns to gambling | |
Don’t use prizes or words like prizes | ||
Gambling is different to alcohol & drugs | ||
Gambling linked to money and rewards | ||
Rewards with monetary value a concern | ||
Similarities between gambling and CM could help | ||
You don’t give a gambler money | ||
Barriers and challenges to implementation | Clients concealing their problem | |
Clients feel unworthy of rewards | ||
Clients could sell incentives to gamble | ||
Clients might give reasons for missing sessions | ||
Clients want evidence CM will work | ||
CM causes conflict between clients | ||
Coercion by family for rewards | ||
Cultural barriers | ||
I can’t see any barriers | ||
Lockdown | ||
Proving abstinence difficult | Bank statements helpful | |
Client’s discomfort showing bank statements | ||
Deception bank statements | ||
Not everyone has access to bank statements | ||
Uncomfortable asking for bank statement | ||
Proving abstinence difficult-general comment | ||
Too much for clients to take in | ||
Outcomes | Addressing the underlying addiction | |
Attendance | ||
CM could work for some clients | ||
Cutting down goals an option | ||
Help to establish abstinence | ||
Long-term change | ||
Uptake of blocking strategies | ||
It’s about how you do it | Admin do it or automate it | |
Addressing resistance unmotivated clients | ||
Explaining CM well | ||
Getting clients, staff and family on board | ||
Getting the timing right | ||
How you do it makes a difference | ||
Managing multiple short episodes | ||
What will happen in sessions matters | ||
Political and society context | Benefit to society | |
Media and society negative views | ||
Political context for gambling in UK |