Age
|
Less than 50 years of age
|
146 (58.4)
|
Ref
|
105 (41.3)
|
Ref
|
50 Years of age or older
|
219 (68.6)
|
1.18 (1.03, 1.34)
|
80 (24.9)
|
0.60 (0.47, 0.77)
|
Race/ethnicity
|
Non-Hispanic White
|
59 (56.2)
|
Ref
|
45 (42.9)
|
Ref
|
Non-Hispanic Black
|
153 (71.2)
|
1.27 (1.05, 1.53)
|
58 (26.7)
|
0.62 (0.46, 0.85)
|
Hispanic/Latinx
|
139 (61.5)
|
1.09 (0.90, 1.33)
|
78 (34.1)
|
0.79 (0.60, 1.06)
|
Other
|
11 (61.1)
|
1.09 (0.72, 1.63)
|
3 (15.8)
|
0.37 (0.13, 1.07)
|
Sex
|
Female
|
117 (61.6)
|
Ref
|
58 (30.2)
|
Ref
|
Male
|
248 (66.1)
|
1.07 (0.94, 1.23)
|
123 (32.4)
|
1.07 (0.83, 1.39)
|
Employment status
|
Unemployed
|
289 (65.5)
|
Ref
|
132 (29.7)
|
Ref
|
Employed
|
70 (57.8)
|
0.88 (0.75, 1.04)
|
53 (42.7)
|
1.44 (1.12, 1.84)
|
Currently homeless
|
No
|
264 (66.7)
|
Ref
|
133 (33.2)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
101 (58.4)
|
0.88 (0.76, 1.01)
|
52 (29.9)
|
0.90 (0.69, 1.18)
|
Ever incarcerated
|
No
|
74 (66.7)
|
Ref
|
36 (31.6)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
291 (63.5)
|
0.95 (0.82, 1.11)
|
149 (32.3)
|
1.02 (0.76, 1.38)
|
Length of opioid use history
|
15 Years of less
|
89 (58.6)
|
Ref
|
66 (42.9)
|
Ref
|
16–26 years
|
88 (65.2)
|
1.11 (0.93, 1.34)
|
41 (30.2)
|
0.70 (0.51, 0.96)
|
27–35 years
|
92 (62.8)
|
1.07 (0.89, 1.29)
|
48 (32.6)
|
0.76 (0.57, 1.02)
|
36 years or longer
|
97 (71.3)
|
1.22 (1.03, 1.44)
|
30 (21.9)
|
0.51 (0.35, 0.74)
|
OUD severity
|
Mild/moderate
|
67 (72.0)
|
Ref
|
14 (14.7)
|
Ref
|
Severe
|
271 (62.2)
|
0.86 (0.74, 1.00)
|
159 (36.1)
|
2.45 (1.49, 4.04)
|
Ever injected heroin
|
No
|
255 (70.8)
|
Ref
|
107 (29.3)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
98 (50.3)
|
0.71 (0.61, 0.83)
|
75 (38.5)
|
1.31 (1.03, 1.66)
|
Cocaine use in past 30 days
|
No
|
196 (68.8)
|
Ref
|
82 (28.6)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
169 (59.5)
|
0.86 (0.76, 0.98)
|
103 (35.8)
|
1.25 (0.98, 1.59)
|
Crack use in past 30 days
|
No
|
265 (65.0)
|
Ref
|
121 (29.2)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
100 (62.1)
|
0.96 (0.83, 1.10)
|
64 (39.8)
|
0.96 (0.83, 1.10)
|
Marijuana use in past 30 days
|
No
|
235 (66.2)
|
Ref
|
96 (26.9)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
130 (60.8)
|
0.92 (0.80, 1.05)
|
89 (40.8)
|
1.52 (1.20, 1.92)
|
Benzodiazepine use in past 30 days
|
No
|
254 (66.5)
|
Ref
|
105 (27.2)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
111 (59.4)
|
0.89 (0.78, 1.02)
|
80 (42.3)
|
1.56 (1.23, 1.96)
|
Fentanyl detected in urine analysis
|
No
|
184 (68.9)
|
Ref
|
89 (33.2)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
179 (59.7)
|
0.86 (0.76, 0.98)
|
95 (31.2)
|
0.94 (0.74, 1.19)
|
Oxycodone detected in urine analysis
|
No
|
344 (63.9)
|
Ref
|
172 (31.8)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
19 (65.5)
|
1.02 (0.78, 1.34)
|
12 (37.5)
|
1.18 (0.74, 1.88)
|
Heroin detected in urine analysis
|
No
|
49 (62.0)
|
Ref
|
32 (40.5)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
314 (64.3)
|
1.04 (0.86, 1.25)
|
152 (30.8)
|
0.76 (0.56, 1.02)
|
Stigma (median ≥ 13)
|
No
|
167 (60.5)
|
Ref
|
84 (30.3)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
189 (68.5)
|
1.13 (1.00, 1.28)
|
96 (34.3)
|
1.13 (0.89, 1.44)
|
PTSD
|
No
|
330 (65.0)
|
Ref
|
161 (31.4)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
35 (57.4)
| |
24 (38.7)
|
1.23 (0.88, 1.73)
|
Omnibus mental health*
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
0.95 (0.86, 1.04)
|
1.30 (1.14, 1.48)
|
Depression
|
No
|
172 (65.9)
|
Ref
|
66 (24.9)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
193 (62.7)
|
0.95 (0.84, 1.08)
|
119 (38.4)
|
1.54 (1.20, 1.98)
|
Anxiety
|
No
|
210 (67.5)
|
Ref
|
89 (28.2)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
155 (60.1)
|
0.89 (0.78, 1.01)
|
96 (36.9)
|
1.31 (1.03, 1.66)
|
Suicidality
|
No
|
349 (64.4)
|
Ref
|
170 (31.1)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
16 (59.3)
|
0.92 (0.67, 1.27)
|
15 (53.6)
|
1.72 (1.19, 2.49)
|
SEP visits in past 3 months
|
No
|
251 (73.4)
|
Ref
|
95 (27.4)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
80 (47.3)
|
0.64 (0.54, 0.76)
|
64 (37.6)
|
1.38 (1.06, 1.78)
|
Currently opioid treatment
|
No current treatment
|
161 (64.1)
|
Ref
|
99 (39.1)
|
Ref
|
Medication assisted treatment
|
204 (64.2)
|
1.00 (0.88, 1.13)
|
86 (26.7)
|
0.68 (0.54, 0.86)
|
Ever trained to administer naloxone
|
No
|
162 (85.3)
|
Ref
|
51 (26.4)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
200 (53.3)
|
0.62 (0.56, 0.70)
|
132 (34.9)
|
1.32 (1.00, 1.74)
|
Administered naloxone in past 3 months
|
No
|
325 (69.3)
|
Ref
|
135 (28.5)
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
40 (40.0)
|
0.58 (0.45, 0.74)
|
50 (49.5)
|
1.74 (1.36, 2.22)
|