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Table 3 Associations between network and support factors and never protected with naloxone and a person to administer during opioid use events in past 30 days

From: Naloxone protection, social support, network characteristics, and overdose experiences among a cohort of people who use illicit opioids in New York City

 

N (%) with no protection

PR (95% CI)

APR (95% CI)a

Network size (injecting)

More than 1

64 (43.8)

Ref

Ref

0 in Network

38 (69.1)

1.58 (1.22, 2.03)

1.61 (1.23, 2.11)

Network size (opioid-using)

More than 5

275 (62.5)

Ref

Ref

 < 5 in network

90 (69.8)

1.37 (0.90, 2.09)

1.14 (0.98, 1.31)

Network size (opioid using, excluding injectors)

More than 5

201 (71.3)

Ref

Ref

 < 5 in Network

62 (72.10

1.01 (0.87, 1.18)

1.03 (0.88, 1.21)

Non-using network gave place to stay in past 3 months

No

248 (65.1)

Ref

Ref

Yes

117 (63.2)

0.97 (0.85, 1.11)

1.08 (0.93, 1.24)

Non-using network gave money in past 3 months

No

133 (62.7)

Ref

Ref

Yes

229 (64.9)

1.03 (0.91, 1.18)

1.07 (0.93, 1.22)

Non-using network gave emotional support in past 3 months

No

80 (61.1)

Ref

Ref

Yes

281 (65.2)

1.06 (0.92, 1.24)

1.17 (0.99, 1.38)

Using network gave place to stay in past 3 months

No

267 (65.4)

Ref

Ref

Yes

98 (61.2)

0.94 (0.81, 1.08)

1.03 (0.88, 1.20)

Using network gave money in past 3 months

No

211 (68.5)

Ref

Ref

Yes

154 (59.5)

0.87 (0.76, 0.98)

0.85 (0.75, 0.98)

Using network gave emotional support in past 3 months

No

144 (72.0)

Ref

Ref

Yes

221 (60.2)

0.84 (0.74, 0.94)

0.87 (0.76, 0.99)

Support from networks

No support

41 (69.5)

Ref

Ref

At least one form of support from using

16 (48.5)

0.70 (0.47, 1.03)

0.70 (0.47, 1.04)

At least one form of support from non-using

174 (62.6)

0.98 (0.80, 1.19)

1.00 (0.82, 1.24)

At least one from of support from both

132 (68.0)

0.90 (0.74, 1.09)

0.95 (0.77, 1.16)

Currently lives with romantic partner

No

277 (65.8)

Ref

Ref

Yes

88 (59.5)

0.90 (0.78, 1.05)

0.89 (0.76, 1.04)

Currently lives with romantic partner who uses opioids

No

312 (67.0)

Ref

Ref

Yes

53 (51.5)

0.77 (0.63, 0.94)

0.77 (0.62, 0.95)

Currently lives with anyone

No

92 (66.7)

Ref

Ref

Yes

272 (63.3)

0.95 (0.83, 1.09)

0.99 (0.85, 1.15)

Currently lives with anyone who uses opioids

No

267 (68.1)

Ref

Ref

Yes

82 (52.6)

0.77 (0.66, 0.91)

0.79 (0.66, 0.94)

Current living situation

Lives alone

92 (66.7)

Ref

Ref

Not with anyone who uses opioids

175 (68.9)

1.03 (0.89, 1.19)

1.06 (0.91, 1.24)

Someone who uses opioids

82 (52.6)

0.79 (0.65, 0.95)

0.82 (0.67, 1.01)

  1. aAdjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, current homelessness, and OUD severity