Table 4 Associations between network and support factors and any OD experiences in past 30 days

Network size (injecting)

More than 1

65 (44.5)

Ref

Ref

0 in Network

15 (27.3)

0.61 (0.38, 0.99)

0.80 (0.51, 1.26)

Network size (opioid using)

More than 5

143 (32.3)

Ref

Ref

 < 5 in Network

42 (32.1)

0.99 (0.75, 1.32)

1.04 (0.79, 1.36)

Network size (opioid using, excluding injectors)

More than 5

79 (27.7)

Ref

Ref

 < 5 in Network

26 (29.2)

1.05 (0.72, 1.53)

1.12 (0.78, 1.60)

Non-using network gave place to stay in past 3 months

No

104 (26.9)

Ref

Ref

Yes

80 (43.0)

1.60 (1.26, 2.02)

1.42 (1.10, 1.83)

Non-using network gave money in past 3 months

No

60 (27.9)

Ref

Ref

Yes

122 (34.3)

1.23 (0.95, 1.59)

1.05 (0.81, 1.36)

Non-using network gave emotional support in past 3 months

No

29 (21.8)

Ref

Ref

Yes

152 (34.9)

1.60 (1.13, 2.27)

1.41 (0.99, 2.00)

Using network gave place to stay in past 3 months

No

111 (26.9)

Ref

Ref

Yes

73 (45.3)

1.69 (1.34, 2.13)

1.52 (1.18, 1.95)

Using network gave money in past 3 months

No

92 (29.4)

Ref

Ref

Yes

92 (35.4)

1.20 (0.95, 1.53)

1.22 (0.96, 1.55)

Using network gave emotional support in past 3 months

No

54 (26.7)

Ref

Ref

Yes

129 (34.8)

1.30 (1.00, 1.70)

1.27 (0.96, 1.67)

Support from networks

No support

8 (13.3)

Ref

Ref

At least one form of support from using

13 (39.4)

2.95 (1.36, 6.40)

2.79 (1.31, 5.93)

At least one form of support from non-using

57 (28.9)

2.17 (1.10, 4.29)

1.89 (0.97, 3.67)

At least one form of support from both

104 (37.1)

2.78 (1.43, 5.41)

2.30 (1.20, 4.39)

Currently lives with romantic partner

No

133 (31.3)

Ref

Ref

Yes

52 (34.7)

1.11 (0.85, 1.45)

1.11 (0.95, 1.46)

Currently lives with romantic partner who uses opioids

No

148 (31.4)

Ref

Ref

Yes

37 (35.9)

1.14 (0.86, 1.53)

1.00 (0.72, 1.39)

Currently lives with anyone

No

41 (29.3)

Ref

Ref

Yes

144 (33.2)

1.13 (0.85, 1.51)

1.02 (0.75, 1.39)

Currently lives with anyone who uses opioids

No

121 (30.4)

Ref

Ref

Yes

58 (37.2)

1.22 (0.95, 1.57)

1.09 (0.83, 1.44)

Current living situation

Lives alone Lives alone

41 (29.3)

Ref

Ref

Not with anyone who uses opioids

80 (31.0)

1.06 (0.77, 1.45)

0.98 (0.71, 1.36)

Someone who uses opioids

58 (37.2)

1.27 (0.91, 1.76)

1.08 (0.75, 1.54)