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Table 2 Association between changes in cannabis use and health outcomes during France’s first COVID-19-related lockdown: multivariable logistic model

From: Changes in cannabis use and associated correlates during France’s first COVID-19 lockdown in daily cannabis users: results from a large community-based online survey

 

Stopped (vs. unchanged)

Reduced (vs. unchanged)

Increased (vs. unchanged)

aRRR [IC 95%]

p

aRRR [IC 95%]

p

aRRR [IC 95%]

p

Female

0.71 [0.50, 1.00]

0.050

0.91 [0.74, 1.12]

0.385

1.34 [1.10, 1.62]

0.003

Age group (years)

      

18 to 25

0.84 [0.50, 1.41]

0.512

1.61 [1.16, 2.24]

0.005

1.45 [1.07, 1.97]

0.018

26 to 45

0.88 [0.55, 1.41]

0.593

1.44 [1.06, 1.95]

0.021

1.39 [1.05, 1.84]

0.021

> 45

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Education level ≥ secondary school diploma

1.67 [1.11, 2.51]

0.014

1.19 [0.94, 1.50]

0.155

1.29 [1.03, 1.63]

0.028

Having an external space (terrace, garden)

1.52 [1.09, 2.11]

0.013

1.13 [0.93, 1.37]

0.206

0.88 [0.74, 1.06]

0.178

Type of area of residence (during lockdown)

Rural

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Semi urban

1.18 [0.75, 1.85]

0.482

0.97 [0.74, 1.27]

0.813

0.94 [0.72, 1.24]

0.686

Urban

1.00 [0.66, 1.53]

0.989

0.73 [0.57, 0.94]

0.016

1.22 [0.95, 1.57]

0.112

Living with a partner during lockdown

0.72 [0.52, 0.98]

0.036

0.81 [0.68, 0.98]

0.026

0.96 [0.80, 1.13]

0.605

Employment during lockdown

Teleworking

0.91 [0.56, 1.49]

0.718

0.95 [0.71, 1.26]

0.716

1.52 [1.16, 1.98]

0.002

Partial unemployment or receiving payroll subsidy, job loss, sick leave or disability leave

0.98 [0.69, 1.41]

0.929

1.01 [0.81, 1.25]

0.944

1.76 [1.43, 2.18]

< 0.001

Unchanged

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Student

2.19 [1.36, 3.52]

0.001

1.77 [1.31, 2.39]

< 0.001

1.69 [1.24, 2.29]

0.001

Used cannabis exclusively to self-medicate

No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Yes

0.77 [0.47, 1.25]

0.289

0.62 [0.46, 0.83]

0.002

0.64 [0.48, 0.85]

0.002

Home-grown cannabis

0.19 [0.09, 0.39]

< 0.001

0.46 [0.34, 0.63]

< 0.001

0.90 [0.69, 1.18]

0.456

Pre-lockdown cannabis stockpiling

0.11 [0.08, 0.17]

< 0.001

0.78 [0.65, 0.93]

0.006

1.38 [1.17, 1.64]

< 0.001

Increased tobacco use (during lockdown)

3.07 [2.22, 4.24]

< 0.001

2.21 [1.76, 2.77]

< 0.001

1.79 [1.44, 2.24]

< 0.001

Increased alcohol use (during lockdown)

2.00 [1.47, 2.71]

< 0.001

1.29 [1.05, 1.58]

0.014

1.61 [1.34, 1.95]

< 0.001

Increased benzodiazepine use (during lockdown)

2.32 [1.08, 4.99]

0.031

1.57 [0.86, 2.89]

0.144

1.67 [0.93, 2.99]

0.085

Symptoms suggestive of COVID-19

No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Mild symptoms without dyspnea

0.75 [0.53, 1.06]

0.106

1.04 [0.85, 1.28]

0.683

1.28 [1.05, 1.55]

0.013

Dyspnea

1.26 [0.67, 2.37]

0.471

1.51 [1.04, 2.21]

0.031

1.88 [1.32, 2.68]

< 0.001

Self-reported pre-lockdown chronic pathology or anxiety/depression

No pathology

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Pathology other than anxiety or depression

0.80 [0.46, 1.39]

0.434

1.10 [0.80, 1.49]

0.558

1.2 [0.90, 1.60]

0.213

Anxiety or depression

1.75 [1.02, 3.01]

0.043

1.53 [1.05, 2.23]

0.025

1.02 [0.70, 1.47]

0.931

Self-reported pre-lockdown chronic pain

0.51 [0.33, 0.77]

0.002

0.84 [0.66, 1.08]

0.174

0.89 [0.71, 1.13]

0.335

Depression during lockdown (HAD score >  = 8)

1.46 [1.02, 2.07]

0.036

1.06 [0.83, 1.35]

0.660

1.34 [1.07, 1.69]

0.011

Increased pain during lockdown

1.90 [1.31, 2.75]

0.001

1.11 [0.86, 1.42]

0.424

1.00 [0.79, 1.27]

0.988

Sleep disorder intensification during lockdown

3.51 [2.56, 4.82]

< 0.001

1.80 [1.49, 2.18]

< 0.001

1.35 [1.13, 1.62]

0.001

  1. aRRR: adjusted relative-risk ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; p: p-value, HAD: Hospital Anxiety Depression, in bold : p < 0.05