Fig. 4
From: Signals of increasing co-use of stimulants and opioids from online drug forum data
Proportions of people who mentioned co-use of specific groups of stimulants with any opioid or opioid-related medication (PWCU, N = 4786) by year from 2015 to 2020. Total number of people who use stimulants (PWUS) within this timeframe = 8266. Stimulant categories—Amphetamine-type stimulants (amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, levoamphetamine, and lisdexamphetamine); Methamphetamine; Methylphenidate-type stimulants (methylphenidate); and a combination of methamphetamine and heroin (“speedball”/”goofball”)