Fig. 5
From: Signals of increasing co-use of stimulants and opioids from online drug forum data
24-month (excluding the first month) monthly relative frequencies of methamphetamine mentions among Redditors who first mentioned an opioid or opioid-related medication (N = 849). Mention frequencies per month are normalized by the total number of posts by the same set of Redditors within that specific time span. Opioid-related categories—Fentanyl and analogs (fentanyl and carfentanil); Heroin; Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD: suboxone, sublocade, methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone); Opioid reversal agents (Naloxone); and Prescription opioid pain relievers (hydrocodone, oxycodone, morphine, tramadol). Stimulant categories—Amphetamine-type stimulants (amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, levoamphetamine, and lisdexamphetamine); Methamphetamine; Methylphenidate-type stimulants (methylphenidate); and a combination of methamphetamine and heroin (“speedball”/”goofball”)