Table 2 Baseline HIV risk and prevention behaviors of study participants overall and by urbanity (N = 279)

HIV transmission risk behaviors

Injection risk past 6 months (Y/N)

 Inject in public

276

99 (35.9%)

53 (38.1%)

46 (33.6%)

.430

 Prepared drug with unsafe water source

279

37 (13.3%)

17 (12.1%)

20 (14.5%)

.549

 Shared injection equipment

279

46 (16.5%)

24 (17.0%)

22 (15.9%)

.808

 Reused cooker or filter

276

95 (34.4%)

51 (36.7%)

44 (32.1%)

.424

 Frontload/backload syringe with others

278

28 (10.1%)

18 (12.9%)

10 (7.2%)

.120

 Injected with a used needle

278

27 (9.7%)

16 (11.4$)

11 (8.0%)

.330

 Had drugs to inject but no sterile syringe

279

89 (31.9%)

45 (31.9%)

44 (31.9%)

.996

Accidental overdose

279

 Lifetime

188 (67.4%)

93 (66.0%)

95 (68.8%)

.608

 Past 6 months

28 (10.0%)

15 (10.6%)

13 (9.4%)

.735

Sexual behaviors past 6 months

 Any vaginal or anal sex

279

218 (78.1%)

108 (76.6%)

110 (79.7%)

.529

 Any condomless sex

218

149 (68.3%)

73 (67.6%)

76 (69.1%)

.812

 Multiple partners (≥ 1)

218

154 (70.6%)

80 (74.1%)

74 (67.3%)

.270

 Partner is HIV-seropositive

193

17 (8.8%)

12 (12.2%)

5 (5.3%)

.087

 Partner is PWID

216

60 (27.8%)

29 (27.1%)

31 (28.4%)

.826

 Male PWID with male partner

218

3 (1.4%)

2 (1.9%)

1 (0.9%)

.620^b

 Engaged in sex work

210

17 (8.1%)

14 (13.9%)

3 (2.8%)

.003

HIV prevention service utilization

SSP use past 6 months

279

.308^a

      Never accessed SSP

95 (34.1%)

48 (34.0%)

47 (34.1%)

      Accessed SSP < once a month

10 (3.6%)

8 (5.7%)

2 (1.4%)

      Accessed SSP 1–3 times a month

81 (29.0%)

28 (19.9%)

53 (38.4%)

      Accessed SSP once a week

82 (29.4%)

52 (36.9%)

30 (21.7%)

      Accessed SSP > once a week

11 (3.9%)

5 (3.5%)

6 (4.3%)

Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)

279

      Currently on MMT

23 (8.2%)

11 (7.8%)

12 (8.7%)

.786

      Previously used MMT

94 (33.7%)

50 (35.5%)

44 (31.9%)

.527

      Never used MMT

162 (58.1%)

80 (56.7%)

82 (59.4%)

.650

HIV-negative/newly diagnosed serostatus (n = 218)

 HIV testing past 12 months

218

133 (61.0%)

60 (60.6%)

73 (61.3%)

.777

 Heard of PrEP

218

41 (18.8%)

18 (18.2%)

23 (19.3%)

.771

Known HIV-positive serostatus (n = 57)

 Had ≥ 1 HIV care visit past 6 months

57

53 (93.0%)

37 (94.9%)

16 (88.9%)

.584^b

 Currently taking ART Adherence

56 (98.2%)

38 (97.4%)

18 (100.0%)

1.00^b

 Past 30 days ART adherence

57

  ≥ 80% ART adherence

52 (91.2%)

35 (89.7%)

17 (94.4%)

1.00^b

  ≥ 95% ART adherence

42 (73.7%)

26 (66.7%)

16 (88.9%)

.109^b

  100% ART adherence

22 (38.6%)

15 (38.5%)

7 (38.9%)

.975