Table 2 Characteristics of clients (N = 511)
|  | Total | MOUD only (N = 245) | MOUD & SSP (N = 94) | SSP only (N = 172) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (N = 510) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Female | 247 (48.43) | 115 (46.13%) | 44 (46.81%) | 88 (51.16%) |  |
 Male | 258 (50.59%) | 129 (52.87%) | 46 (48.94%) | 83 (48.26%) |  |
 Transgender | 5 (0.98) | 0 (0%) | 4 (4.26%) | 1 (0.58%) |  |
Mean age (SD) (N = 511) | 45.59 (11.93) | 48.14 (10.79) | 42.13 (13.06) | 43.85 (12.1) | 0.11 |
Age group (N = 511) |  |  |  |  | 0.04 |
 18–40 | 202 (39.53%) | 70 (28.57%) | 50 (53.19%) | 82 (47.67%) |  |
 41–60 | 245 (47.95%) | 143 (58.37%) | 31 (32.98%) | 71 (41.28%) |  |
 61+ | 64 (12.52%) | 32 (13.06%) | 13 (13.83%) | 19 (11.05%) |  |
Race/Ethnicity (N = 508) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 White non-Latinx | 213 (41.93%) | 102 (41.98%) | 2 (41.93%) | 109 (63.74%) |  |
 Black non-Latinx | 151 (29.72%) | 88 (36.21%) | 151 (29.72%) | 35 (20.47%) |  |
 Latinx, any race | 133 (26.18%) | 52 (21.40%) | 133 (26.18%) | 20 (11.70%) |  |
 Other non-Latinx | 11 (2.17%) | 1 (0.41%) | 11 (2.17%) | 7 (4.09%) |  |
Education (N = 510) |  |  |  |  | 0.35 |
 Less than high school | 149 (29.22%) | 85 (34.84%) | 31 (32.98%) | 33 (19.19%) |  |
 HS degree or GED | 216 (42.35%) | 96 (39.34%) | 38 (40.43%) | 82 (47.67%) |  |
 Some college or more | 145 (28.43%) | 63 (25.82%) | 25 (26.50%) | 57 (33.14%) |  |
Employment status (N = 511) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Employed full, part time, or seasonally | 94 (18.40%) | 44 (17.96%) | 20 (21.28%) | 30 (17.44%) |  |
 Unemployed | 224 (43.84%) | 97 (39.59%) | 45 (47.87%) | 82 (47.67%) |  |
 Unable to work due to health | 168 (32.88%) | 92 (37.55%) | 25 (26.60%) | 51 (29.65%) |  |
 Retired, homemaker, or student | 25 (4.89%) | 12 (4.90%) | 4 (4.26%) | 9 (5.23%) |  |
Housing status (N = 510) |  |  |  |  | 0.79 |
 Own or rent home | 281 (55.10%) | 137 (55.92%) | 46 (49.46%) | 98 (56.98%) |  |
 Stay w/family or friends | 166 (32.55%) | 78 (31.84%) | 32 (34.41%) | 56 (32.56%) |  |
 Shelter/temp housing/motel/street/car/bus/park | 49 (9.61%) | 23 (9.39%) | 12 (12.09%) | 14 (8.14%) |  |
 Drug treatment program/jail/prison/other | 14 (2.75%) | 7 (2.86%) | 3 (3.23%) | 4 (2.33%) |  |
Drug use (N = 511) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Used any drugs past month1 | 447 (87.48%) | 204 (83.27%) | 80 (85.11%) | 163 (94.77%) | 0.02 |
 Used opioids past month2 | 273 (53.42%) | 92 (37.55%) | 62 (65.96%) | 119 (69.19%) | 0.02 |
 Injected any drugs past month | 326 (63.80%) | 139 (56.73%) | 58 (61.7%) | 129 (75%) | 0.45 |
 Used any drugs past week1 | 413 (80.82%) | 179 (73.06%) | 76 (80.85%) | 158 (91.86%) | < 0.001 |
 Used opioids past week2 | 228 (44.62%) | 67 (27.35%) | 55 (58.51%) | 106 (61.63%) | 0.003 |
 Injected any drugs past week | 296 (57.93%) | 127 (51.84%) | 53 (56.38%) | 116 (67.44%) | < 0.001 |
 Had OD in past month | 49 (9.59%) | 11 (4.49%) | 10 (10.64%) | 28 (16.28%) | 0.003 |
Past-month syringe experiences (N = 511) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Went to a syringe exchange | 177 (34.64%) | 20 (8.16%) | 48 (51.06%) | 109 (63.37%) | < 0.001 |
 Gave someone a needle after using it | 24 (4.70%) | 5 (2.04%) | 0 (0%) | 19 (11.05%) | < 0.001 |
 Used a syringe after someone | 23 (4.50%) | 3(1.22%) | 0 (0%) | 20 (11.63%) | 0.002 |
 Used cookers/rinse water after someone | 48 (9.39%) | 5 (2.04%) | 6 (6.38%) | 37 (21.51%) | < 0.001 |
 Gave someone cookers/rinse water after using them? | 51 (9.98%) | 9 (3.67%) | 4 (4.26%) | 38 (22.09%) | < 0.001 |
 Have syringes confiscated by police? | 26 (5.09%) | 4 (1.63%) | 5 (5.32%) | 17 (9.88%) | < 0.001 |
Past-month substance use treatment (N = 511) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Received any substance use treatment | 344 (67.32%) | 241 (98.37%) | 32 (34.04%) | 71 (41.28%) | < 0.001 |
 Received individual counseling | 304 (59.49%) | 227 (92.65%) | 25 (26.60%) | 52 (30.23%) | < 0.001 |
 Received group counseling | 151 (29.55%) | 126 (51.43%) | 8 (8.51%) | 17 (9.88%) | 0.0002 |
 Attended self-help groups | 97 (18.98%) | 70 (28.57%) | 12 (12.77%) | 15 (8.72%) | < 0.001 |
 Received methadone for opioid addiction | 277 (54.21%) | 225 (91.84%) | 15 (15.96%) | 37 (21.51%) | < 0.001 |
 Received buprenorphine for opioid addiction | 38 (5.87%) | 8 (3.27%) | 8 (8.51%) | 14 (8.14%) | 0.3 |
 Received vivitrol for opioid addiction | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
Endorsed perceptions on treatment providers (N = 308) |  |  |  |  |  |
 I am able to get substance use treatment I need | 248 (80.52%) | 183 (80.26%) | 19 (76.0%) | 46 (83.64%) | 0.41 |
 My provider understands the challenges I am facing | 269 (87.34%) | 201 (88.16%) | 22 (88.0%) | 46 (83.64%) | 0.65 |
 I have someone to talk to if I have cravings to use | 270 (87.66%) | 202 (88.60%) | 21 (84%) | 47 (84.45%) | 0.44 |