Table 2 Bivariate and multivariable GLMM analyses of factors associated with injecting drugs alone among 3307 observations from people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada, 2016–2018

Age

(per year older)

–

–

Sex

(male vs. female)

1.69 (1.20–2.37)

0.002

Indigenous ancestry

(Self-identified vs. other)

0.71 (0.52–0.98)

0.037

Sexual orientation

(LGBT vs. straight)

–

–

Stable relationship

(yes vs. no)

0.30 (0.23–0.39)

 < 0.001

Employment^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Homelessness

(yes vs. no)

–

–

DTES residence^a

(yes vs. no)

1.43 (1.08–1.91)

0.014

Recent incarceration^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Sex work^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Violence^a

(yes vs. no)

1.43 (1.00–2.03)

0.045

Daily heroin use^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Daily fentanyl use^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Daily cocaine use^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Daily crack cocaine use^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Daily meth use^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Binge drug use^a

(yes vs. no)

1.36 (1.08–1.72)

0.009

Binge alcohol use^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Drug dealing^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Weekly OPS/SCS use^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Non-fatal overdose^a

(yes vs. no)

–

–

Depression^b

(≥ 22 vs. < 22)

–

–

PTSD^c

(≥ 31 vs. < 31)

–

–