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Table 1 Bivariable analyses of factors associated with difficulty accessing supervised consumption services or overdose prevention sites during the COVID-19 pandemic among 428 people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada (2020)

From: Difficulty accessing supervised consumption services during the COVID-19 pandemic among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada

Characteristic

Difficulty accessing SCSs or OPSs in last six months

Odds ratio

(95% CI)

p value

Yes, n (%)

n = 58

(13.6%)

No, n (%)

n = 370

(86.4%)

Age (per year increase)

Median (IQR†)

44 (35–52)

52 (44–58)

0.93 (0.91–0.96)

 < 0.001

Self-Identified Gender

Gender

Men

23 (39.7)

210 (56.8)

0.50 (0.28–0.88)

0.015

Women/non-binary

35 (60.3)

160 (43.2)

  

Ancestry

White

26 (44.8)

208 (56.5)

0.63 (0.36—1.09)

0.096

Black, Indigenous, and people of colour

22 (55.2)

160 (43.5)

  

Education

High school or greater

27 (46.6)

179 (49.2)

0.90 (0.52–1.57)

0.710

Less than high school

31 (53.5)

185 (50.8)

  

Employment

Yes

21 (36.2)

124 (33.5)

1.13 (0.63–2.01)

0.687

No

37 (63.8)

246 (66.5)

  

Downtown Eastside residence*

Yes

39 (67.2)

219 (59.2)

1.42 (0.79–2.54)

0.244

No

19 (32.8)

151 (40.8)

  

≥ Daily unregulated

opioid use*

Yes

39 (67.2)

169 (45.8)

2.43 (1.35–4.36)

0.002

No

19 (32.8)

200 (54.2)

  

≥ Daily non-medical prescription opioid use*

Yes

1 (1.8)

8 (2.2)

0.81 (0.10–6.58)

1.000Ψ

No

56 (98.3)

362 (97.8)

  

≥ Daily cocaine use*

Yes

2 (3.5)

11 (3.0)

1.16 (0.25–5.38)

0.693Ψ

No

56 (96.6)

358 (97.0)

  

≥ Daily crystal methamphetamine use*

Yes

19 (32.8)

53 (14.4)

2.90 (1.56–5.40)

0.001

No

39 (67.2)

316 (85.6)

  

≥ Daily crack use*

Yes

6 (10.3)

54 (14.6)

0.68 (0.28–1.65)

0.386

No

52 (89.7)

316 (85.4)

  

Benzodiazepine use*

Yes

5 (8.6)

9 (2.4)

3.78 (1.22–11.72)

0.029Ψ

No

53 (91.4)

361 (97.6)

  

Speedball use*

Yes

0 (0.0)

20 (5.4)

N/A φ

0.091Ψ

No

58 (100)

350 (94.6)

  

Goofball use*

Yes

14 (24.1)

53 (14.3)

1.90 (0.98–3.71)

0.056

No

44 (75.9)

317 (85.7)

  

Injection drug use*

Yes

54 (93.1)

254 (68.7)

6.17 (2.18–17.43)

0.001

No

4 (6.9)

116 (31.4)

  

Used drugs alone*

Yes

41 (78.9)

193 (80.8)

0.89 (0.42–1.86)

0.754

No

11 (21.2)

46 (19.3)

  

Participation in addiction treatment*

Yes

49 (84.5)

257 (70.0)

2.33 (1.11–4.91)

0.023

No

9 (15.5)

110 (30.0)

  

Non-fatal overdose*

Yes

19 (32.8)

57 (15.5)

2.66 (1.43–4.93)

0.001

No

39 (67.2)

311 (84.5)

  

Experienced physical violence*

Yes

15 (25.9)

47 (12.7)

2.40 (1.24–4.65)

0.008

No

43 (74.1)

323 (87.3)

  

Syringe/drug use equipment sharing*

Yes

17 (30.4)

82 (23.2)

1.44 (0.77–2.68)

0.247

No

39 (69.6)

271 (76.8)

  

Unstable housing*

Yes

43 (74.1)

193 (52.6)

2.58 (1.39–4.82)

0.002

No

15 (25.9)

174 (47.4)

  

Sex work involvement*

Yes

9 (15.8)

38 (10.4)

1.61 (0.73–3.54)

0.230

No

48 (84.2)

327 (89.6)

  

Incarceration*

Yes

2 (3.5)

9 (2.5)

1.43 (0.30–6.77)

0.651Ψ

No

56 (96.6)

359 (97.6)

  

Cohort/HIV status

Yes

38 (65.5)

199 (53.8)

1.63 (0.92–2.91)

0.095

No

20 (34.5)

171 (46.2)

  

Believe been infected with COVID-19

Yes

4 (7.1)

23 (6.3)

1.14 (0.38–3.44)

0.771

No

52 (92.9)

342 (93.7)

  

Perceived drug quality since COVID-19 pandemic

Worse

34 (60.7)

153 (42.2)

2.12 (1.19–3.77)

0.009

Same/better

22 (39.3)

210 (57.9)

  
  1. †IQR = interquartile range
  2. *Refers to last six months
  3. ΨRefers to p values derived from Fisher’s exact tests. All other p values refer to those derived from Pearson’s Chi-squared test (for categorical variables) or Mann–Whitney U test (for continuous variables)
  4. φOdds ratio could not be calculated due to a cell count of zero