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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of participants reporting daily non-prescribed OAM use, heroin use, or both

From: Prevalence and correlates of using opioids alone among individuals in a residential treatment program in Michigan: implications for overdose mortality prevention

 

Total n (%)

OAMs only n (%)

Heroin only n (%)

Heroin and OAMs n (%)

Chi-squared p-value

Total

241 (100)

43 (17.8)a

62 (25.7)a

136 (56.4)a

–

Age, median (IQR)

30 (25–37)

34 (27–46)

29 (25–35)

29 (25–35)

0.03b

Female gender

83 (34.4)

11 (25.6)

23 (37.1)

49 (36.0)

0.4

Race

    

0.2b

African American

19 (7.9)

6 (14.0)

3 (4.8)

10 (7.4)

 

White

190 (78.8)

33 (76.7)

46 (74.2)

111 (81.6)

 

Other

32 (13.3)

4 (9.3)

13 (21.0)

15 (11.0)

 

Temporary housing in Past 3 Months

132 (55.2)

22 (51.2)

31 (50.0)

79 (59.0)

0.4

Married or living with someone

43 (17.8)

12 (27.9)

11 (17.7)

20 (14.7)

0.1

High School, GED, or greater education

195 (80.9)

35 (81.4)

56 (90.3)

104 (76.5)

0.07

Symptoms of major depressive disorder

142 (58.9)

25 (58.1)

32 (51.6)

85 (62.5)

0.4

Injected or snorted any drugd

229 (95.8)

35 (81.4)

61 (98.3)

133 (99.3)

 < 0.001c

Snorted any drug very oftend

50 (20.7)

12 (27.9)

3 (4.8)

35 (25.7)

0.001

Injected any drug very oftend

152 (63.1)

4 (9.3)

46 (74.2)

102 (75.0)

 < 0.001

Experienced an overdose in lifetime

218 (90.5)

38 (88.4)

54 (87.1)

126 (92.6)

0.4c

Experienced an overdose in the past year

166 (68.8)

26 (60.5)

36 (58.1)

104 (76.5)

0.01

Witnessed an overdose in lifetime

216 (89.6)

37 (86.0)

56 (90.3)

123 (90.4)

0.7c

  1. aPercents among total n = 241. bKruskal–Wallis test. cFisher’s exact test. dIn the month before treatment or jail. Abbreviations: IQR: interquartile range; OAM: opioid analgesic medication