Table 2 Psychosocial and behavioral correlates of using any opioid while alone very often

Total

59 (24.5)^a

182 (75.5)^a

–

–

Age, median (IQR)

31 (27–45)

30 (25–36)

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

Female gender

18 (30.5)

65 (35.7)

1.06 (0.91–1.22)

1.09 (0.95–1.25)

Race

 African American

7 (11.9)

12 (6.6)

ref

ref

 White

46 (78.0)

144 (79.1)

1.20 (0.84–1.71)

1.08 (0.77–1.52)

 Other

6 (10.2)

26 (14.3)

1.29 (0.88–1.88)

1.10 (0.77–1.56)

Temporary housing in past 3 Mos

28 (47.5)

105 (57.7)

1.11 (0.95–1.28)

–

Married or living with someone

13 (22.0)

30 (16.5)

0.91 (0.74–1.12)

–

High school, GED, or greater education

49 (83.1)

146 (80.2)

0.96 (0.80–1.14)

–

Symptoms of major depressive disorder

36 (61.0)

106 (58.2)

0.97 (0.84–1.12)

–

Heroin and OAM use, mo. before treat. or jail

 Used OAMs (No Heroin) ≥ 7 consecutive days

16 (27.1)

27 (14.8)

Ref

Ref

 Used Heroin (No OAMs) ≥ 7 consecutive days

21 (35.6)

41 (22.5)

1.05 (0.79–1.41)

0.83 (0.61–1.12)

 Used Heroin & OAMs ≥ 7 consecutive days

22 (37.3)

114 (62.6)

1.33 (1.05–1.70)

0.99 (0.75–1.31)

Injected or snorted any drug very often, mo. before treat. or jail

26 (44.1)

151 (83.0)

1.76 (1.36–2.28)

1.71 (1.30–2.26)

Experienced an overdose in lifetime

48 (81.4)

170 (93.4)

1.49 (1.00–2.22)

1.25 (0.89–1.76)

Experienced an overdose in the past year

35 (59.3)

131 (72.0)

1.16 (0.98–1.38)

–

Witnessed an overdose in lifetime

53 (89.8)

163 (89.6)

0.99 (0.79–1.25)

–

Self-stigma (self-devaluation Z-score), mean (SD)

− 0.02 (0.86)

0.01 (1.04)

1.01 (0.94–1.08)

–

Self-stigma (self-devaluation score top quartile)^b

8 (13.6)

43 (23.6)

1.15 (1.00–1.33)

0.94 (0.80–1.09)

Anticipated stigma (fear of enacted stigma Z-score), mean (SD)

− 0.20 (0.94)

0.06 (1.01)

1.07 (0.99–1.15)

–

Anticipated stigma (fear of enacted stigma score top quartile)^c

6 (10.2)

52 (28.6)

1.26 (1.11–1.43)

1.20 (1.04–1.38)