SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence, correlates, and access to harm reduction services among people who inject drugs living with and without HIV and their partners in Kenya

Table 2 Characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in persons who inject drugs and their partners

Characteristic	Number of total participants (N = 309)	Percentage SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive	Odds Ratio (OR) (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR (aOR) (95% CI)*	P-value
Sex
Female	119	37.2	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Male	190	28.4	0.67 (0.59, 0.91)	0.006	0.68 (0.51–0.95)	0.010
Age (years)
18–35	135	29.0	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
36–74	174	33.3	1.23 (0.94, 1.61)	0.14	1.23 (0.93–1.64)	0.153
Relationship Status
Single	99	27.7	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Married or partnered	87	29.5	1.09 (0.77, 1.53)	0.620	1.14 (0.80–1.62)	0.48
Divorced or separated	123	36.7	1.50 (1.09, 2.08)	0.013	1.47 (1.05–2.06)	0.024
Education Level
No formal education	20	32.8	Ref	Ref
Primary level	177	30.3	0.89 (0.51, 1.59)	0.683
Secondary level	96	31.7	0.95 (0.53, 1.74)	0.866
Tertiary level	16	41.0	1.43 (0.67, 3.29)	0.403
Region of Enrollment
Nairobi	171	34.7	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Coast	138	27.9	0.73 (0.55, 0.95)	0.021	0.72 (0.54, 0.95)	0.022
HIV Status
Living with HIV	151	30.6	0.93 (0.72, 1.23)	0.631
Living without HIV	158	32.0	Ref	Ref
Injected in the Past Week
Yes	250	31.2	0.98 (0.70, 1.39)	0.928
No	59	31.6	Ref	Ref
Currently Taking Methadone
Yes	124	28.8	0.81 (0.62, 1.07)	0.135	0.91(0.68–1.21)	0.506
No	185	32.8	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
High-Risk Exposure in Past 2 Weeks
Yes	9	31.0	0.99 (0.42, 2.14)	0.977
No	300	31.3	Ref	Ref
Any Sexual or Injecting Partners Diagnosed with COVID-19
Yes	15	46.9	1.99 (0.97, 4.04)	0.057	2.21 (1.06–4.58)	0.032
No	294	30.8	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Any Housing Partners Diagnosed with COVID-19
Yes	8	23.5	0.67 (0.28, 1.43)	0.325
No	301	31.6	Ref	Ref

CI confidence interval
*Includes all variables associated with non-suppression in univariate analysis at p < 0.20

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