Table 1 Summary of literature findings

Cama, E., Brener, L., & Bryant, J

2014

New South Wales, Australia

183

PWUD

N/A

N/A

Anonymous surveys of fixed site, machine, and mobile syringe exchange users

Characteristics and attendance patterns of fixed site and HRVM users

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

Cossar, R., O’keefe, D., Dietze, P.M., & Jacka, D

2017

Melbourne, Australia

2795

PWUD

N/A

N/A

Demographic data collected along with time of use and supply distribution counts each time a HRVM user accessed the machine

HRVM use in Melbourne

Youth—yes

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

No domains identified

Cossar, R., O’keefe, D., Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Dietze, P.M

2017

Melbourne, Australia

74

PWUD

N/A

Individual-level syringe coverage (percentage of a PWID's injection episodes which are covered with a sterile syringe)

Structured survey of HRVM users, inclusive of the short-form UPPS-P Impulsive Behaviour scale

Association between individual-level syringe coverage, lack of premeditation, or positive urgency and HRVM use

None identified

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

Coupland, H., Henderson, C., Pritchard-Jones, J., Kao, S.C., Sheils, S., Nagy, R., O’Donnell, M., Haber, P. S., & Day, C. A

2022

Sydney, Australia

85

people who use drugs

N/A

N/A

Natural observation, survey and in-depth interview

HRVM use in Sydney

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

None

Day, C. A., White, B., & Haber, P. S. (2016)

2016

Australia

262

PWUD

N/A

N/A

SSP and HRVM user census, survey only of SSP participants

Addition of HRVM outside existing fixed site SSP

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

Deimel, D., Oswald, F., Carolin, B., & Stöver, H

2020

Germany

36

PWUD

Program staff

N/A

N/A

Online questionnaire

HRVM that dispense syringes

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—yes

Inner setting

Outer setting

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

Dodding, J. & Gaughwin, M

1995

Australia

24

PWUD

Program staff

N/A

N/A

Focus groups

N/A

Youth—yes

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—yes

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

Duplessy, C. & Reynaud, E. G

2014

Paris, France

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Observations of syringe dispensing and collection trends via mechanical counting mechanisms on HRVM across Paris over a 12-year period

Expansion of existing vending machine program in Paris

None identified

Intervention characteristics

Process

Islam, M. M., & Conigrave, K. M. (2007)

2007

Global

N/A

N/A

Yes—HRVMs reached high-risk, isolated, hidden populations of PWID who are otherwise not connected with SSPs

N/A

Literature review

N/A

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Inner setting

Outer setting

Intervention characteristics

Process

Islam, M. M., Conigrave, K. M., & Stern, T

2009

Sydney, Australia

94

Program staff

N/A

N/A

survey

Pilot study of 1 year implementation of vending machines

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Outer setting

Intervention characteristics

Islam, M. M., Stern, T., Conigrave, K. M., & Wodak, A

2008

NSW, Australia

167

PWID

Yes—access is increase by provision of service in evening hours

Injection risk behavior changes

Survey of HRVM users via face to face and machine-administered questionnaires

Existing machines in the community

Youth—yes

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Inner setting

Intervention characteristics

Process

Islam, M. M., Wodak, A., & Conigrave, K. M

2008

Worldwide

N/A

N/A

Yes—HRVMs increase access to sterile injecting supplies, especially through added temporal availability

Injection risk behavior changes

Literature review

N/A

Youth—yes

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Outer setting

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

McDonald, D

2009

Canberra, Australia

180

PWID

Yes—existing fixed site users and new PWUD reluctant to access syringe service programs

N/A

Observation (administrative data), survey, program evaluation study

One-year pilot study implementation of vending machines

Youth—yes

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

Moatti, J. P., Vlahov, D., Feroni, I., Perrin, V., & Obadia. Y

2001

Marseille, France

343

PWUD

Yes—HRVM users are more likely to be younger and not enrolled in methadone programs

N/A

Self-administered questionnaire

Comparison of demographics and other traits of HRVM users vs. fixed site SSP participants

Youth—yes

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Outer setting

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

Obadia, Y., Feroni, I., Perrin, V., Vlahov, D., & Moatti, J. P

1999

Marseille, France

343

PWID

N/A

N/A

Survey /self-questionnaires

Evaluation of previous launch in 1996

Youth—yes

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

Process

Otiashvili, D., Kirtadze, I., Vardanashvili, I., Tabatadze, M., & Ober, A. J

2019

Georgia

149

PWID

N/A

N/A

Interviews

N/A

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Outer setting

Intervention characteristics

Otiashvili, D., Irma Kirtadze, Tamar Mgebrishvili, Ada Beselia, Mzia Tabatadze, Irina Vardanashvili, & Ober, A.J

2022

Georgia

1,268

Program staff

Yes—the brand-new program reached 8% of the total population of PWID in the service region

Study defined effectiveness as "how well HRVM provided syringe access", including (1) the proportion of sterile syringes distributed via HRVM out of all syringes distributed via all types of needle and syringe programs, and (2) a difference in a number of syringes received by clients who used and who did not use HRVM

Stepped-wedge design, self-administered staff surveys, focus group of staff, focus groups of participants

Five sites at HIV prevention locations across Georgia

Youth—yes

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Inner setting

Outer setting

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

Process

Otiashvili, D., Kirtadze, I., Mgebrishvili, T., Beselia, A., Tabatadze, M., Otiashvili, N., Ober, A. J., & Iguchi, M. Y

2021

Georgia

800

PWID

N/A

N/A

Formative process, surveys, focus groups

Five sites at HIV prevention locations across Georgia

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Intervention characteristics

Process

Philbin, M. M., Mantsios, A., Lozada, R., Case, P., Pollini, R. A., Alvelais, J., Latkin, C. A., Magis-Rodriguez, C., & Strathdee, S. A

2009

Tijuana, Mexico

49

Stakeholders

N/A

N/A

Interviews and legal review

N/A

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Outer setting

Individual characteristics

Stark, K., Leicht, A., & Muller, R

1994

Berlin, Germany

313

PWID

N/A

N/A

Researcher-administered survey

Existing machines in the community

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

Inner setting

Outer setting

Intervention characteristics

Individual characteristics

Process

Uthurralt, N., McGlinn, A., O’Donnell, M., Haber, P. S., & Day, C. A

2022

Australia

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Descriptive/observational, from administrative data

Expansion of hours/availability of HRVM and resulting impact on uptake of primary healthcare services at an existing fixed site SSP

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

No domains identified

White, B., Haber, P. S., & Day, C. A

2016

Sydney, Australia

153

Stakeholders

N/A

N/A

Researcher-administered survey

N/A

Youth—no

Race/ethnicity—no

Rural/urban—no

No domains identified