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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants in Waingmaw, Myanmar, 2021

From: The effect of different types of migration on symptoms of anxiety or depression and experience of violence among people who use or inject drugs in Kachin State, Myanmar

Characteristics

n

(Col %) or (IQR)

Total

406

 

Demographic characteristics

 Median age (IQR)

30

(25, 37)

 Male

393

(96.8)

 Kachin ethnicity $

282

(69.5)

Education

 Primary school or no school

104

(25.6)

 Middle school

167

(41.1)

 High school and college

135

(33.3)

 Main income from farming in the last 3 months

196

(48.3)

Drug use characteristics

 Median age of first drug use (IQR)

20

(18, 25)

 Injecting drug use

331

(81.5)

Type of drug use in the last 3 months

 ATS with or without Opioid substance

61

(15.0)

 Opioid substances without ATS

345

(85.0)

 Receptive needle and syringe sharing in the last 3 months (n = 321)

112

(34.9)

 Sharing pipes in the last 3 months (n = 339)

65

(19.2)

Location of drug use (n = 405)

 Private €

139

(34.3)

 Public €€

266

(65.7)

Frequency of injection in the last 4 weeks (n = 386)

 Daily

163

(42.2)

 Less than daily

127

(32.9)

 No injection

96

(24.9)

 Overdose in the last 12 months

46

(11.3)

Sexual risk behaviours

 Ever sold sex (n = 402)

12

(3.0)

 Currently have an intimate partner in sexual relationship (n = 400)

164

(41.0)

 Condom use in the last sex # (n = 403)

109

(27.0)

Social determinants

 Median of average stigma score within families σ (IQR)

2

(1, 3)

 Median of average stigma score within health care providers σ (IQR)

1

(1, 1)

 Non-stable housing in the last 3 months & (n = 399)

120

(30.1)

 Ever slept rough (n = 404)

231

(57.2)

 Ever squatted (n = 401)

12

(3.0)

 Ever stayed in emergency accommodation (n = 406)

132

(32.5)

 Stopped by police/anti-drugs squad in the last 12 months (n = 406)

109

(26.8)

 Detained in the last 12 months (n = 406)

30

(7.4)

 Went hungry in the last 12 months because could not afford food (n = 405)

112

(27.7)

Type of migration

 Migrant ^ (n = 406)

115

(28.3)

 Economic migration ¥ (n = 398)

310

(77.9)

 Forced displacement £ (n = 406)

79

(19.5)

Health care accessibility and treatment

 Ever taken drug treatment (n = 405)

220

(54.3)

Type of current treatment (n = 403)

 No current treatment

325

(80.6)

 Methadone

40

(9.9)

 Non-methadone treatment*

38

(9.4)

 Had ORW visits in the last 12 months (n = 392)

82

(20.9)

Health outcomes

 Recent experience of emotional violence µ (n = 403)

246

(61.0)

 Recent experience of physical violence ¶ (n = 404)

37

(9.2)

 Recent experience of physical or emotional violence (n = 406)

251

(61.8)

 Ever had suicidal ideation δ (n = 405)

114

(28.1)

 Ever attempted suicide ф (n = 401)

53

(13.2)

 Presence of symptoms of depression or anxiety (n = 406): PHQ4 ≥ 6

133

(32.8)

 HIV result (n = 396): positive

255

(64.4)

 HCV result (n = 342): positive

269

(78.7)

 HIV and HCV result (n = 342): positive

150

(55.6)

  1. n = number, Col% = column percentage, IQR = interquartile range, ATS = amphetamine-type stimulants, ORW = outreach workers, PHQ4 = patient health questionnaire-4, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, HCV = hepatitis C virus
  2. $Non-Kachin ethnicity contained Shan, Bamar, Chinese, Gawrakha, Karen, Mon, Naga, and Rakhine ethnicities
  3. €Location of drug was private when clients usually used drugs at home in the last 3 months
  4. €€Location of drug use was public when study participants usually used drugs at the places where the drugs were bought, on the street, around the bushes, in the public toilets, at work, in the forest, on the riverbank, at the farm and the religious drug treatment centre in the last 3 months
  5. #Condom use in the last sex refers to reported condom use in the latest vaginal or anal, or oral sex
  6. σSigma score can be interpreted as 1 = Never, 2 = Not often, 3 = somewhat often, 4 = Often, 5 = Very Often
  7. &Non-stable housing refers to living in work-provided accommodation or living in someone's house or an internally displaced persons camp, no fixed address, drug treatment institution, drug rehabilitation centre, or jail in the last 3 months
  8. ^Migrant was defined as those who had not been living in Waingmaw for their whole life
  9. ¥Economic migration refers to being had ever migrated for work
  10. £Forced displacement refers to being had ever migrated because of war or armed conflict
  11. *Non-methadone treatment refers to religious-based psychosocial support, counselling, and non-methadone treatment at NGO clinics
  12. µRecent experience of emotional violence refers to being called in a derogatory term in the last 12 months
  13. ¶Recent experience of physical violence refers to being physically abused in the last 12 months
  14. δSuicidal ideation refers to ever having thought about ending life or hurting oneself
  15. Ñ„Attempted suicide refers to ever being tried to kill oneself
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Harm Reduction Journal

ISSN: 1477-7517