Characteristics | Total | Col % | Recent physical or emotional violence $$ | Unadjusted | Migrant^ | Economic migration¥ | Forced displacement£ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Row % | OR | (95% CI) | aOR | (95% CI) | aOR | (95% CI) | aOR | (95% CI) | |||
Total | 406 | Â | 251 | (61.8) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age group | ||||||||||||
 ≤ 24 | 90 | (22.2) | 62 | (68.9) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
 25–34 | 182 | (44.8) | 110 | (60.4) | 0.69 | (0.40–1.18) | 0.76 | (0.42–1.39) | 0.76 | (0.42–1.40) | 0.72 | (0.40–1.32) |
 35–44 | 106 | (26.1) | 65 | (61.3) | 0.72 | (0.40–1.30) | 0.95 | (0.49–1.86) | 0.92 | (0.47–1.80) | 0.94 | (0.48–1.85) |
 ≥ 45 | 28 | (6.9) | 14 | (50.0) | 0.45 | (0.19–1.07) | 0.85 | (0.32–2.29) | 0.77 | (0.28–2.09) | 0.82 | (0.31–2.20) |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
 Non-Kachin$ | 123 | (30.3) | 66 | (53.7) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
 Kachin | 283 | (69.7) | 185 | (65.4) | 1.63 | (1.06–2.51) | 1.44 | (0.88–2.35) | 1.42 | (0.87–2.33) | 1.35 | (0.83–2.22) |
Education | ||||||||||||
 Primary school or no school | 104 | (25.6) | 58 | (55.8) | ref |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Middle school | 167 | (41.1) | 103 | (61.7) | 1.28 | (0.78–2.10) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 High school and college | 135 | (33.3) | 90 | (66.7) | 1.59 | (0.94–2.69) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Main income from farming in the last 3 months | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 196 | (48.3) | 118 | (60.2) | 0.88 | (0.59–1.31) | 1.12 | (0.70–1.78) | 1.2 | (0.75–1.92) | 1.13 | (0.71–1.81) |
 No | 210 | (51.7) | 133 | (63.3) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
Type of drug use in the last 3 months | ||||||||||||
 ATS with or without Opioid substance | 61 | (15.0) | 37 | (60.7) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
 Opioid substances without ATS | 345 | (85.0) | 214 | (62.0) | 1.06 | (0.61–1.85) | 0.94 | (0.49–1.8) | 0.95 | (0.49–1.84) | 0.9 | (0.47–1.75) |
Ever injected drugs | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 331 | (81.5) | 216 | (65.3) | 2.15 | (1.29–3.56) | 1.71 | (0.96–3.07) | 1.78 | (0.99–3.22) | 1.96 | (1.07–3.58) |
 No | 75 | (18.5) | 35 | (46.7) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
Detained in the last 12 months (n = 406) | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 30 | (7.4) | 24 | (80.0) | 2.63 | (1.05–6.58) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 376 | (92.6) | 227 | (60.4) | ref |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stopped by police or anti-drugs squad in the last 12 months (n = 406) | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 109 | (26.8) | 75 | (68.8) | 1.52 | (0.95–2.42) | 1.31 | (0.78–2.20) | 1.25 | (0.74–2.12) | 1.26 | (0.75–2.13) |
 No | 297 | (73.2) | 176 | (59.3) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
Housing status in the last 3 months (n = 399) | ||||||||||||
 Stable housing | 279 | (69.9) | 170 | (60.9) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
 Non-stable housing& | 120 | (30.1) | 76 | (63.3) | 1.11 | (0.71–1.72) | 1.23 | (0.74–2.05) | 1.13 | (0.67–1.9) | 1.13 | (0.68–1.89) |
Felt hungry the last 12 months (n = 405) | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 112 | (27.7) | 77 | (68.8) | 1.53 | (0.96–2.42) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 293 | (72.3) | 173 | (59.0) | ref |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HIV result (n = 396) | ||||||||||||
 Negative | 141 | (35.6) | 88 | (62.4) | ref |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Positive | 255 | (64.4) | 159 | (62.4) | 1.00 | (0.65–1.53) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Had ORW visits in the last 12 months (n = 392) | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 82 | (20.9) | 56 | (68.3) | 0.7 | (0.42–1.17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 310 | (79.1) | 186 | (60.0) | ref |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Type of current treatment (n = 403) | ||||||||||||
 No current treatment | 325 | (80.6) | 206 | (63.4) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
 Methadone | 40 | (9.9) | 16 | (40.0) | 0.39 | (0.20–0.75) | 0.38 | (0.18–0.79) | 0.39 | (0.18–0.82) | 0.38 | (0.18–0.80) |
 Non-methadone treatment* | 38 | (9.4) | 28 | (73.7) | 1.62 | (0.76–3.45) | 1.4 | (0.62–3.17) | 1.48 | (0.65–3.36) | 1.28 | (0.56–2.92) |
Location of drug use (n = 405) | ||||||||||||
 Private € | 139 | (34.3) | 85 | (61.2) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
 Public €€ | 266 | (65.7) | 165 | (62.0) | 1.04 | (0.68–1.58) | 0.95 | (0.59–1.53) | 0.92 | (0.57–1.49) | 0.88 | (0.54–1.43) |
Presence of symptoms of depression or anxiety (n = 406) | ||||||||||||
 PHQ4 < 6 | 273 | (67.2) | 154 | (56.4) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
 PHQ4 ≥ 6 | 133 | (32.8) | 97 | (72.9) | 2.08 | (1.33–3.27) | 1.77 | (1.07–2.94) | 1.87 | (1.12–3.12) | 1.6 | (0.96–2.67) |
Average stigma score within family σ (n = 406) | ||||||||||||
 Between 1 and 2 | 213 | (52.5) | 103 | (48.4) | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  | ref |  |
 Between 2 and 5 | 193 | (47.5) | 148 | (76.7) | 3.51 | (2.29–5.39) | 3.1 | (1.95–4.92) | 3.17 | (1.98–5.07) | 3.09 | (1.94–4.94) |
Average stigma score within health care providers σ (n = 406) | ||||||||||||
 Score 1 | 380 | (93.6) | 232 | (61.1) | ref |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 More than 1 | 26 | (6.4) | 19 | (73.1) | 1.73 | (0.71–4.22) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Being migrant^ (n = 406) | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 115 | (28.3) | 72 | (62.6) | 1.05 | (0.67–1.64) | 0.89 | (0.53–1.48) |  |  |  |  |
 No | 291 | (71.7) | 179 | (61.5) | ref |  | ref |  |  |  |  |  |
Economic migration ¥ (n = 398) | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 310 | (77.9) | 196 | (63.2) | 1 | (0.89–2.31) |  |  | 1.21 | (0.70–2.07) |  |  |
 No | 88 | (22.1) | 48 | (54.5) | ref |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |
Forced displacement £ (n = 406) | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 79 | (19.5) | 60 | (75.9) | 2.25 | (1.28–3.94) |  |  |  |  | 2.18 | (1.15–4.15) |
 No | 327 | (80.5) | 191 | (58.4) | ref |  |  |  |  |  | ref |  |